Mitral valve stenosis treatment in 204 Cardiac surgery clinics worldwide with additional parameter

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204 clinics specializing in Cardiac surgery providing treatment of Mitral valve stenosis Mitral valve stenosis is a heart condition where the mitral valve becomes narrowed, impeding blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain.
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disease worldwidewith additional parameter of rating.

Africa · 5
Americas · 45
Asia · 101
Europe · 48
Oceania · 5
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Africa · 5 Americas · 45 Asia · 101 Europe · 48 Oceania · 5
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Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $20,224
  2. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $10,628
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $7,387
  4. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $7,499
  5. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $2,286
  6. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $9,401
  7. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $9,784
  8. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $1,704
  9. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $7,698
photo
San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
The Lomas de San Luis Hospital raises the standards of Medical Care in the region by putting at your disposal all the modernity and technological read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $25,663
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $24,652
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $21,883
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $19,244
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $20,224
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $10,628
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $11,751
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $7,387
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $24,150
photo
Tijuana, Mexico
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Orthopedic surgery
At Hospital Excel, your health and safety are our main priority, so we have additional security measures to keep you and your family, as well read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $20,224
  2. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $10,628
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $24,150
  4. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $17,679
  5. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $2,286
  6. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $9,401
  7. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $9,784
  8. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $1,704
  9. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $7,698
photo
Guadalajara, Mexico
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Taking specific medical-hospital service needs into account in Guadalajara and in the West of Mexico, Grupo Empresarial San Javier (Corporate Group), formed by a group read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $11,763
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $13,905
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $11,977
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $7,839
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $4,179
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $5,022
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $5,254
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,257
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $8,009
photo
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Founded in 1959, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco became a national reference brand in high-complexity medicine, a pioneer in artificial heart transplantation. In addition to excellence in cardiology read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $11,763
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $13,905
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $11,977
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $7,839
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $4,179
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $5,022
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $5,254
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,257
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $8,009
photo
Porto Alegre, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) is a public and university institution, part of the network of university hospitals of the Ministry of read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $11,763
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $13,905
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $11,977
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $7,839
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $4,179
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $5,022
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $5,254
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $8,009
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $8,095
photo
Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
With coverage in the supplementary health market in the interior of the State of São Paulo, São Lucas Hospital is recognized as one of the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $11,763
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $13,905
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $11,977
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $7,839
  5. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $5,254
  6. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,257
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $8,009
  8. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $8,095
  9. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $8,518
photo
Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
ospital Ribeirania started its activities in March 1978, thanks to the commitment and dedication of three friends: Dr. Miguel Mauad Neto (cardiologist), Dr. Mariano Figueiredo read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $11,763
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $13,905
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $11,977
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $7,839
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $4,179
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $5,022
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $5,254
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,257
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $8,009
photo
Porto Alegre, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
We are the result of more than four decades of apostolic service for the care of life, committed to efficiency and fidelity to the charism read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $13,552
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $10,644
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $9,557
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $8,285
  5. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $8,793
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $10,757
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $8,729
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $11,315
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $14,462
photo
Baku, Azerbaijan
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, Russian
It is not a coincidence that we have named our hospital ‘Bona Dea International Hospital’. In Roman mythology, Bona Dea was a healing goddess and read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $13,552
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $10,644
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $9,557
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $8,285
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $8,175
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $4,552
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $5,732
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $3,202
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $8,793
photo
Baku, Azerbaijan
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Republican Diagnostic Center (RDM) is one of the best multidisciplinary medical centers and clinics in Baku. Also, this clinic is one of the top read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $16,374
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $11,770
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $10,964
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $10,117
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $4,437
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $6,939
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $1,957
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,138
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $7,357
photo
Panaji, India
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Manipal Hospital Goa is a unit of the renowned Manipal health enterprises that is known for quality and patient care. Manipal Hospital Goa is a read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $15,409
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $16,608
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $12,701
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    $11,654
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $9,602
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    $2,092
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $5,357
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,926
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    $11,654
photo
Sofia, Bulgaria
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The University Multidisciplinary Hospital for Active Treatment Lozenets EAD is a multidisciplinary medical institution specializing in unique for the country diagnostic and treatment activities such read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $111,624
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $99,400
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $93,787
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $77,156
  5. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $75,596
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $90,832
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $79,441
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $95,574
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $132,959
photo
Aarau, Switzerland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French, Russian
Welcome! Hirslanden Klinik Aarau is the largest private hospital in the Swiss plateau between Bern and Zurich. About 10,000 patients benefit from the wide range read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $111,624
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $99,400
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $93,787
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $77,156
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $76,115
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $46,039
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $47,312
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $75,596
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $90,832
photo
Luzern, Switzerland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French, German
The history of the St. Anna Clinic dates back to 1911. At that time, the St. Anna Sisters opened a clinic in the “Schloss Bramberg” read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $4,437
  2. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $6,939
  3. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $1,957
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,138
  5. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $7,357
  6. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $5,271
  7. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $5,851
  8. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    ≈ $10,558
  9. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,728
photo
New Delhi, India
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi is the first hospital in India to be Internationally Accredited by Joint Commission International (JCI) consecutively for the fifth time. read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $122,512
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $166,327
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $132,349
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $88,091
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $92,044
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    $11,685 - $21,734
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $57,835
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    $7,011 - $12,971
  9. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation (ICD)
    $7,011 - $12,971
photo
Monaco, Monaco
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery
Languages: English, French, Russian, Spanish; Castilian, German
The Principality of Monaco and Nice Côte d'Azur international Airport are at the heart of Mediterranean Europe. Most major cities in Europe and North Africa read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $159,910
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $130,420
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $86,090
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $47,770
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $21,580
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $54,632
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $56,406
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $69,559
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $77,753
photo
Tampere, Finland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Thoracic surgery
Languages: English, Russian
Tays Heart Hospital in Tampere treats patients who need major cardiac or cardiothoracic treatment. Tampere Heart Hospital is a full-service 24/7 hospital.he entire cardiac care read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $37,250
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $28,859
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $25,380
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $19,960
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $21,232
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $12,789
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $12,052
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $23,560
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $27,056
photo
Nilai, Malaysia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Aurelius Hospital Nilai (AHN) is located in the heart of Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, approximately 18km from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA). Accomodating 100 beds, the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $37,250
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $28,859
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $25,380
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $19,960
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $9,449
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $23,560
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $27,056
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $28,871
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $27,946
photo
Bandar Seri Alam, Malaysia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Chinese, English
Regency Specialist Hospital (“Regency”), founded in 2009, is a fast-growing private hospital in Malaysia with 218-bed capacity serving around 170,000 patients annually. Located 15 minutes read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $11,763
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $13,905
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $11,977
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $7,839
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $4,179
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $5,022
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $5,254
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,257
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $8,095
photo
Passos, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Passos is a regional philanthropic hospital that serves the entire population of southwestern Minas Gerais.Due to its highly specialized clinical read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — Clinical Hospital Lapino in Moscow, Russia and 5 more, clinic with the most reviews number of 35757 — Aster CMI hospital in Bengaluru, India.

With rating 4.0 and over — 204 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Mitral valve stenosis:

Related procedures:

Mitral valve stenosis - what are hemodynamic disturbances there?

Hemodynamic disturbances in mitral stenosis

Mitral stenosis (MS) is a narrowing of the space between the left ventricle and the atrium. This is a fairly common heart disease, which can be either acquired or congenital. In this article, we tried to describe in detail the features of hemodynamics in this pathology, and also briefly touched on general information about this disease. To better understand the material, it is necessary to recall the structural features of the heart, circulatory circles and understand what the term "hemodynamics" means.

What do we understand by the term "hemodynamics"?

Hemodynamics is a branch of circulatory physiology that deals with the study of blood flow. It focuses on how the heart pumps blood throughout the body. Blood circulation is a vital process. It is needed in order to deliver oxygen and other molecules and substances to and from tissues. Hemodynamic disturbances can cause serious health problems.

How is normal blood flow formed?

Key elements of the hemodynamic system include:

  • heart rate (HR);
  • stroke volume (volume of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction);
  • cardiac output (heart rate multiplied by stroke volume);
  • systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure.

The average stroke volume for an adult is 75 ml, with which a heart beating 70 times per minute will have a cardiac output approximately equal to the total volume of blood in the body.

Thus, cardiac output is a measure of how efficiently the heart can move blood throughout the body.

The blood flow is related to the resistance provided by the blood vessels. To successfully pump blood around the body, the heart must overcome it. Cardiac output multiplied by systemic vascular resistance equals arterial pressure.

When cardiac output is impaired (for example, due to the pathology discussed in this article), it is difficult for the body to cope with its daily needs, since the amount of oxygen supplied to the tissues and organs of the body is reduced.

How does the heart pump blood around the body and what does it normally consist of?

The normal human heart consists of four chambers: two ventricles and two atria. The right side of the heart is separated from the left and is less massive. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries, while the left ventricle sends blood through the aorta to smaller vessels, and from them to the organs and tissues of the whole organism.

The heart has four valves:

  1. mitral (it is also called bicuspid);
  2. tricuspid (tricuspid);
  3. aortic;
  4. pulmonary.

What are heart valves for?

The valves of the heart prevent backflow of blood. They open and close depending on the contractions of the chambers of the heart.

Some general information about mitral stenosis

The basics of the origin of MS and its pathophysiology (development) are very important in the context of the analysis of hemodynamics in this pathology. The bicuspid valve and chambers of the heart have a functional reserve that is depleted as the disease progresses.

Rheumatic fever is the leading cause of mitral stenosis.

Other less common causes of mitral stenosis include:

  • congenital stenosis of the mitral valve;
  • triatriatum (cor triatriatum, three-atrial heart);
  • calcification (calcium impregnation of the mitral ring with spread to the leaflets);
  • systemic lupus erythematosus;
  • rheumatoid arthritis;
  • left atrial myxoma and infective endocarditis with large vegetations.

MS occurs in about 40% of all patients with rheumatic heart disease and a history of rheumatic fever (in the past). With a decrease in the incidence of acute rheumatic fever, especially in countries with a temperate climate and in developed countries, mitral stenosis has also become less common. Nevertheless, these diseases remain a serious problem in developing countries, mainly in countries with tropical and semi-tropical climates.

In rheumatic MS, chronic inflammation leads to diffuse thickening of the valve leaflets with the formation of fibrous tissue and/or calcific deposits. The tendon chords merge and shorten, the valve leaflets become rigid (hard, unyielding). These changes, in turn, lead to narrowing of the valve.

Calcification (impregnation with calcium) of the stenotic mitral valve contributes to the immobilization of the leaflets and further narrowing of the atrioventricular orifice.

Although the initial mitral valve disease is often rheumatic, later changes may be exacerbated by a non-specific process resulting from valve injury due to changes in the blood flow pattern.

Normal hemodynamics of the left side of the heart

Blood enters the left atrium (LA) from the pulmonary veins and then, through the open mitral valve located in the atrioventricular orifice, enters the left ventricle, and from it into the aorta and other vessels of the systemic circulation (the latter ends in the right atrium).

Aspects of hemodynamics in mitral stenosis

In healthy adults, the area of the mitral valve opening is 4–6 cm². In the presence of significant obstruction, that is, when it decreases to 2 cm², blood can flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle only due to an abnormally increased pressure gradient. When the mitral valve opening is reduced to less than 1.5 cm² (called severe MS), a left atrial pressure of about 25 mmHg is required to maintain normal cardiac output.

However, as noted earlier, along with the progression of the disease, the functional reserve of the valve and the heart itself decreases. The left atrium begins to increase due to the increase in muscle mass and stretching. If it cannot cope with the load, there is stagnation of blood in the pulmonary veins and an increase in pressure in them.

This leads to respiratory failure and shortness of breath. The latter increases the speed of blood flow through the mitral opening, which leads to a further increase in the load on the left atrium.

Over time, if left untreated, MS can lead to the addition of pulmonary hypertension.

The mechanisms of formation of pulmonary hypertension are:

  1. reverse blood flow from an overloaded left ventricle;
  2. reflex narrowing of the pulmonary arterioles (the so-called second stenosis), which is presumably provoked by blood stasis in the LA and pulmonary veins (Kitaev's reflex);
  3. edema in the walls of small pulmonary vessels;
  4. changes in the pulmonary vascular bed in the terminal stage.

Also, with pulmonary hypertension, fibrous thickening of the walls of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries is usually observed. Lung volumes, such as vital capacity, total lung capacity, etc., decrease. The elasticity of the lungs decreases further as the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries increases during exercise.

Severe pulmonary hypertension leads to right ventricular enlargement, secondary tricuspid regurgitation, respiratory failure, and right-sided heart failure. Thus, with mitral valve stenosis, other heart defects can be added.

In patients with severe MS (the mitral valve opening in this case is about 1-1.5 cm²), cardiac output at rest is normal or almost normal, but the patient's body is deficient in oxygen and nutrients during exercise.

In patients with very severe MS (when the valve area is less than 1 cm²), especially in patients with markedly increased pulmonary vascular resistance, the heart cannot pump. Left atrial pressure rises at rest and further increases during exercise, which often causes a secondary increase in end-diastolic pressure (pressure in the chambers of the heart during relaxation) and an increase in right ventricular volume.

The following factors influence hemodynamic parameters in mitral stenosis:

  • adequate therapy of pathology;
  • functional features of the left ventricle and atrium;
  • the presence of diseases of the lungs and pulmonary vasculature, as well as other heart defects;
  • the patient's adherence to treatment;
  • age of the patient and his other features.

Hemodynamic disturbances in MS and increased risk of thrombosis

A pathologically altered, calcium-soaked mitral valve can contribute to the formation of blood clots - blood clots. However, in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), thrombus formation more often arises from the dilated left atrium, especially from its appendage. However, the formation of blood clots and their separation (systemic embolization) may occur in asymptomatic patients with only mild mitral stenosis.

Summary

Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the space between the left ventricle and the atrium. Hemodynamics in this pathology is determined by the complex anatomical and pathophysiological features of the valvular apparatus. The functional originality of the left ventricle and atrium, as well as the patient's pulmonary vasculature, also has a great influence on the hemodynamic significance and clinical manifestations of narrowing of the left atrioventricular orifice.

References:

  1. Bailey, Regina. "What Is Hemodynamics?" ThoughtCo, Sep. 22, 2021.
  2. Abbo KM, Carroll JD. Hemodynamics of mitral stenosis: a review. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1994;Suppl 2:16-25.
  3. Harrison`s Principles of Internal Medicine 19/E (Vol.1). Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauseret all. McGraw-HillEducation 2015 ISBN: 0071802134 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780071802130.
  4. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2021 Feb 2;143(5):e228] [published correction appears in Circulation. 2021 Mar 9;143(10):e784]. Circulation. 2021;143(5):e35-e71. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000932.

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