Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation in 181 Cardiac surgery clinics in Europe

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181 clinics specializing in Cardiac surgery providing Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation Ventricular assist device implantation is a surgical procedure that involves implanting a mechanical pump device into the heart to help it pump blood to the body. LVAD assists the left ventricle, RVAD assists the right ventricle, and BVAD assists both ventricles.
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procedure in Europe.

Albania · 1
Austria · 9
Belarus · 4
Belgium · 4
Bulgaria · 3
Croatia · 1
Denmark · 2
Finland · 2
France · 13
Germany · 26
Greece · 3
Hungary · 6
Ireland · 7
Italy · 9
Latvia · 1
Lithuania · 1
Moldova · 1
Monaco · 1
Norway · 1
Poland · 2
Portugal · 10
Romania · 2
Russia · 7
Serbia · 1
Slovakia · 1
Spain · 20
Sweden · 1
Ukraine · 2
You can select a specific country
Albania · 1 Austria · 9 Belarus · 4 Belgium · 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina · 1 Bulgaria · 3 Croatia · 1 Czech Republic · 11 Denmark · 2 Finland · 2 France · 13 Germany · 26 Greece · 3 Hungary · 6 Ireland · 7 Italy · 9 Latvia · 1 Lithuania · 1 Moldova · 1 Monaco · 1 Netherlands · 6 Norway · 1 Poland · 2 Portugal · 10 Romania · 2 Russia · 7 Serbia · 1 Slovakia · 1 Spain · 20 Sweden · 1 Switzerland · 9 Ukraine · 2 United Kingdom · 13
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Rating Cost of procedures Relevance
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $7,731
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $5,642
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $8,440
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $40,184
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $57,002
  6. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $18,677
photo
Aachen, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
As a university maximum care provider, we offer you top-quality medicine with a human face at the RWTH Aachen University Hospital. The architecturally and organizationally read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $7,731
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $5,642
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $8,440
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $40,184
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $57,002
  6. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $18,677
photo
Magdeburg, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
The University Hospital Magdeburg is high-performance maximum-care hospital far beyond the borders of State capital of Saxony-Anhalt nationally recognized. The strength of university medicine is read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Heart transplantation
    ≈ $63,000
  2. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $40,184
  3. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $57,002
  4. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $18,677
  5. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $3,522
  6. Insertion of Optimizer smart implantable pulse generator (IPD) system
    ≈ $25,001
photo
Regensburg, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The University Hospital Regensburg offers almost the entire range of medical subjects and is geared towards high-performance medicine with a special focus on oncological and read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $5,642
  2. Heart transplantation
    ≈ $63,000
  3. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $40,184
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $57,002
  5. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $18,677
  6. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $3,522
photo
Erlangen, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, English, German, Polish, Russian
The world’s state-of-the-art operating theatre, up-to-date equipment, science-based diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: the 42 departments and eight institutes of Universitätsklinikum Erlangen comprehend every field of read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $7,731
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $5,642
  3. Heart transplantation
    ≈ $63,000
  4. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $8,440
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $40,184
  6. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $57,002
photo
Würzburg, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French, Russian
Our most important task is to treat our patients according to the latest findings and methods of modern medicine. This is ensured by our excellently read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Heart transplantation
    ≈ $63,000
  2. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $40,184
  3. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $57,002
  4. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $18,677
  5. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $3,522
  6. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation (ICD)
    by request
photo
Göttingen, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
The University Medicine Göttingen (UMG) is one of the leading university medical institutions in Germany. According to the advertising slogan, Göttingen is the "city that read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $5,642
  2. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $40,184
  3. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $57,002
  4. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $18,677
  5. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $3,522
  6. Insertion of Optimizer smart implantable pulse generator (IPD) system
    ≈ $25,001
photo
Ulm, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
The University Hospital Ulm is the youngest of the university hospitals in Baden-​Württemberg. In the 39 years of its history, it has established a firm read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $1,068
  2. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $6,613
  3. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $11,073
  4. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $2,066
  5. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $567
  6. Insertion of Optimizer smart implantable pulse generator (IPD) system
    ≈ $9,555
photo
Sibiu, Romania
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: French, German
The MedLife Polisano Hospital in Sibiu is part of an integrated structure of centers of excellence in medicine at the European level, based on a read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,273
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $1,068
  3. Heart transplantation
    ≈ $26,604
  4. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,079
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $6,613
  6. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $11,073
photo
Bucharest, Romania
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery
The hospital employs staff with high professional and scientific training, which follows the latest modern technologies and has modern technical equipment. It is planned to read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $5,277
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $3,923
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $3,372
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $25,604
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $48,132
  6. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $1,758
photo
Dublin, Ireland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Located in Sandyford, South Dublin, Beacon Hospital is one of the most technologically advanced private hospital’s in all of Europe.With 180 inpatients beds, 1400 healthcare read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $5,277
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $3,923
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $3,372
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $25,604
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $48,132
  6. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $1,758
photo
Galway City, Ireland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Galway Clinic, part of Blackrock Health, is the leading provider of private cancer care in the West of Ireland. It has 120 Consultants across 60 read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $5,277
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $3,923
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $3,372
  4. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $1,758
  5. Insertion of Optimizer smart implantable pulse generator (IPD) system
    ≈ $31,793
  6. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation (ICD)
    by request
photo
Dublin, Ireland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
We offer patients easy access to scheduled and emergency care delivered by leading consultants.We provide access to private patient consultation suites, digital diagnostic radiology platforms read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $5,277
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $3,923
  3. Heart transplantation
    ≈ $87,779
  4. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $3,372
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $25,604
  6. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $48,132
photo
Blackrock, Ireland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Blackrock Clinic is the leading and longest established private hospital and clinic in Ireland. Since it opened in the mid 1980s, the Clinic has read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $5,277
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $3,923
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $3,372
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $25,604
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $48,132
  6. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $1,758
photo
Dublin, Ireland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
St Vincent’s Private Hospital is the single, biggest acute private hospital in Dublin. We offer the highest number of consultants and the widest range of read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $51,687
  2. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $59,929
  3. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $43,687
  4. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $70,664
  5. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $52,834
  6. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $84,809
photo
Dublin, Ireland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
St James’s Hospital is Ireland’s largest acute academic teaching hospital and is based in Dublin’s south inner city. Our fundamental purpose is the delivery of read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,153
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $858
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $705
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $5,860
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $10,570
  6. Management of ICD system
    ≈ $434
photo
Chisinau, Moldova
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Medpark International Hospital is the first and the biggest multidisciplinary private hospital in the Republic of Moldova. Open 24/7, the hospital provides services in compliance read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $5,879
  2. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $17,420
  3. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair
    ≈ $10,885
  4. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $12,819
  5. Redo heart surgery
    ≈ $15,140
  6. Septal myectomy
    ≈ $12,080
photo
Brno, Czech Republic
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
The Brno University Hospital is the second largest medical facility in the Czech Republic and a leading European hospital. The FN Brno complex consists of read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,893
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $1,069
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $710
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $10,233
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $17,185
  6. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $4,724
photo
Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Hradec Králové University Hospital is one of the largest medical facilities not only in Eastern Bohemia, but also in the entire Czech Republic. Over read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,893
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $1,069
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $710
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $10,233
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $17,185
  6. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $4,724
photo
Prague, Czech Republic
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Faculty Hospital of Královské Vinohrady (FNKV) is a highly specialized medical facility providing health care in almost the entire range of the medical spectrum read more
Prices for selected procedures, total:
by request
  1. Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation
    by request
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,893
  2. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $1,069
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    $710
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $10,233
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $17,185
  6. Change of defibrillator
    ≈ $4,724
photo
Olomouc, Czech Republic
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Olomouc University Hospital is one of the largest inpatient facilities in the Czech Republic. It is part of a network of nine faculty hospitals directly read more

Procedure price distribution in Europe

Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation:

$16.4 K This price found at Meshalkin National Medical Research Center in Russia, Novosibirsk
$203.2 K This price found at Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis in Netherlands, 's-Hertogenbosch
Minimum Average Maximum

Procedure prices in popular countries:

Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation:

China by request in 4 clinics
Germany by request in 26 clinics
Israel by request in 13 clinics
Turkey by request in 26 clinics
United States by request in 15 clinics

Countries with the highest number of clinics offering the procedures treatment:

Ventricular assist device (LVAD, RVAD, BVAD) implantation:

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 4.8 — Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen in Bad Oeynhausen, Germany and 3 more, clinic with the most reviews number of 3114 — Quirónsalud Madrid University Hospital in Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.

With rating 4.0 and over — 43 clinics .

What you should know about chronic heart failure?

Classification, staging of CHF

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a fairly common pathology that can significantly reduce the patient's quality of life. Below we will analyze in detail the classification and staging of CHF for a better understanding of medical documentation and the patient's condition.

What is heart failure (CHF)?

In this disease, due to various possible causes, the blood moves through the heart and body more slowly, and the pressure in the heart chambers increases. As a result, the vessels do not carry enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the needs of the body. Thus, heart failure does not mean that the heart has stopped working. Rather, it means that it does not work as efficiently as under normal conditions.

To maintain normal blood flow, the walls of the chambers of the heart can change, that is, stretch and thicken, and the kidneys can retain fluid and ions in the body to a greater extent.

How is the pathology of the pumping function of the heart determined?

For this, a concept such as ejection fraction (EF) is used, which is determined during an echocardiogram. EF is used to measure how well the heart is pumping blood with each beat and helps determine if systolic or diastolic dysfunction is present.

What classifications of CHF exist?

Physicians have developed several different classifications of this pathology, but the following three are most often used:

  1. Determination of the functional class in accordance with the classification of the New York Heart Association.
  2. Clinical staging according to Strazhesko and Vasilenko.
  3. Determination of the variant of heart failure:
    • with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction less 40%);
    • with normal systolic function of the left ventricle (ejection fraction over 40%).

Less often, right ventricular and left ventricular failure, as well as systolic and diastolic dysfunction, are distinguished.

New York Heart Association (NYHA) Clinical Classification of Heart Failure

This division categorizes people into classes I-II-III-IV depending on the severity of symptoms or functional limitations (functional classes).

| Class I | Physical activity is not impaired, and the patient does not experience unusual fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, or pain with daily habitual activities |
| Class II | Minor restrictions in normal activities. At this stage, the person already has mild fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, or pain during normal activities, but no symptoms at rest |
| Class III | Severe limitation of normal activities. The patient has severe fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, or pain even during minimal exercise. There are no symptoms at rest |
| Class IV | The patient is uncomfortable even at rest. Discomfort increases with any physical activity |

Classification of heart failure according to Strazhesko and Vasilenko

Differentiation according to Strazhesko-Vasilenko includes three clinical stages of heart failure.

I stage (initial). Symptoms occur latently during physical exertion: shortness of breath, palpitations. These symptoms subside with rest.

II stage. Symptoms and signs of heart failure occur not only during physical exertion, but also at rest. Stage II heart failure, in turn, is divided into two: stage II A and stage II B.
In stage A, there are signs of moderate heart failure (congestion in the right or left ventricle).
For heart failure stage II B is characterized by signs of stagnation in the small and large circles of blood circulation. Patients experience severe discomfort. At rest, pronounced cyanosis, swollen jugular veins, edema, and ascites are detected.

III stage. It is defined as terminal, dystrophic. It is characterized by pronounced plethora in the small and large sections, impaired hemodynamics of blood circulation, irreversible changes in all organs (multiple organ failure), functional and metabolic (metabolic) disorders.

Systolic and diastolic dysfunction

Systolic dysfunction (or systolic heart failure) occurs when there is abnormal contractility of the heart. In this case, the tissues of the body lack oxygen and nutrients.

Diastolic dysfunction (or diastolic heart failure) occurs in patients whose heart beats normally but the ventricles do not relax properly. In this case, the heart cavities are not filled completely and the body also experiences a lack of oxygen.

Left ventricular and right ventricular failure

Symptoms and signs of heart failure depend on the extent of the affected parts of the heart. Left ventricular failure corresponds to a decrease in ventricular output and an increase in pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins, and with the progression of the disease - in the pulmonary artery.

In patients with right ventricular failure, blood stagnation occurs in the systemic circulation.

Total heart failure develops when the pathological process affects both ventricles.

Thus, CHF has several different classifications, each of which is important in its own way. Based on a certain stage and form of the disease, the doctor can develop an appropriate treatment strategy for the patient and improve his quality of life.

References:

  1. Harrison`s Principles of Internal Medicine 19/E (Vol.1). Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauseret all. McGraw-HillEducation 2015 ISBN: 0071802134 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780071802130.
  2. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure [published correction appears in Eur Heart J. 2021 Oct 14;:]. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-3726.
  3. Moiseev, V.S. Internal diseases: textbook: in 2 volumes / ed. V. S. Moiseeva, A. I. Martynova, N. A. Mukhina. - 3rd ed.: GEOTAR-Media, 2018. - T. 1. - 960 p. : ill. - 960 p. - ISBN 978-5-9704-4416-0.

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