Athetosis treatment in 168 Oncology clinics worldwide

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168 clinics specializing in Oncology providing treatment of Athetosis Athetosis is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary, slow, writhing, and twisting movements of the limbs, hands, and fingers. It can be associated with conditions such as cerebral palsy and requires multidisciplinary management for symptom control.
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disease worldwide.

Africa · 1
Americas · 27
Asia · 73
Europe · 60
Oceania · 7
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Africa · 1 Americas · 27 Asia · 73 Europe · 60 Oceania · 7
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Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    $2,368 - $3,439
  2. Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT)
    $2,198 - $3,326
  3. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
    $2,198 - $3,326
  4. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)
    $2,198 - $3,326
  5. Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT)
    $2,368
  6. CyberKnife radiosurgery
    $2,368 - $3,439
  7. Stereotactic spine radiosurgery
    $2,198 - $2,480
photo
Ufa, Russia
Specializations: Oncology
The center has equipment for PET / CT examinations from one of the leaders in the production of medical equipment. The same equipment is used read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    $2,255
  2. Radiation therapy for breast cancer
    $1,917 - $3,382
  3. Radiotherapy for prostate cancer
    $2,255
  4. LINAC based stereotactic radiosurgery
    $2,255
  5. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
    $2,255
  6. Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT)
    $2,255
  7. Intracavitary brachytherapy
    $2,029
  8. Simple mastectomy
    ≈ $1,861
  9. Lumpectomy
    ≈ $1,095
photo
Balashikha, Russia
Specializations: Oncology
The PET-Technology oncology center in Balashikha was designed, built and equipped as part of a public-private partnership with the Government of the Moscow Region, the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    $2,255
  2. Radiation therapy for breast cancer
    $1,917 - $3,382
  3. Radiotherapy for prostate cancer
    $2,255
  4. LINAC based stereotactic radiosurgery
    $2,255
  5. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
    $2,255
  6. Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT)
    $2,255
  7. Intracavitary brachytherapy
    $2,029
  8. Simple mastectomy
    ≈ $1,861
  9. Lumpectomy
    ≈ $1,095
photo
Podolsk, Russia
Specializations: Oncology
The PET-Technology Cancer Radiology Center in Podolsk is a modern, comfortable medical facility for patients with any stage of the disease. The center has a read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $19,727
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,780
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $17,136
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $8,628
  6. Conization
    ≈ $3,507
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $8,881
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $20,788
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $2,386
photo
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, Arabic
Mediclinic City Hospital’s Comprehensive Cancer Centre (CCC), is Dubai’s most advanced facility for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Built in collaboration with Mediclinic Middle read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $16,188
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $17,588
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,741
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $7,458
  6. Conization
    ≈ $3,235
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $4,996
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $17,055
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $2,174
photo
Paris, France
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Ambroise Paré, Pierre Cherest and Hartmann Clinics bring together specialized multidisciplinary teams. Regarding the financial aspect of care, every effort is made to ensure read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $9,596
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $9,887
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $8,434
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $4,133
  6. Conization
    ≈ $1,934
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $3,541
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $9,268
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,048
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
As of March 14, 1994, the Alexander Fleming Institute opened its doors to medical and scientific excellence. Maximum technical-scientific level and comfort in one of read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $1,051
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,916
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $4,160
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $3,641
  6. Conization
    ≈ $466
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $1,821
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $4,623
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $489
photo
Bratislava, Slovakia
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Oncology
The National Oncology Institute (NOÚ) is a specialized hospital focused on the provision of comprehensive health oncology care in the scope of specialized outpatient health read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $6,613
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $2,179
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $10,119
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $3,112
  6. Conization
    ≈ $1,213
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $2,971
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $6,023
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $686
photo
Tiruchirappalli, India
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Oncology
Our mission is to provide Excellence in patient care and to achieve the status of most trusted hospital for personalized care c an ancient city read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $24,396
  3. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
    ≈ $11,562
  4. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $20,561
  5. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $25,475
  6. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $9,213
  7. Conization
    ≈ $4,359
  8. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $10,794
  9. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $12,547
photo
London, United Kingdom
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Russian
The Royal Marsden and the ICR are ranked in the top five cancer centres in the world for the impact of their research, treating over read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    $12,968
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $15,643
  4. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
    ≈ $8,659
  5. Major liver resection
    ≈ $27,131
  6. Cholecystectomy
    ≈ $5,397
  7. Pancreaticoduodenectomy
    ≈ $30,461
  8. Total colectomy
    ≈ $14,146
  9. Proctocolectomy
    ≈ $21,931
photo
Adelaide, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) is the state’s flagship hospital, providing a comprehensive range of the most complex clinical care to an estimated 85,000 inpatients and read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for liver cancer
    ≈ $4,487
  3. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
    ≈ $3,827
  4. Major liver resection
    ≈ $28,127
  5. Cholecystectomy
    ≈ $3,461
  6. Pancreaticoduodenectomy
    ≈ $20,858
  7. Partial penectomy
    ≈ $3,736
  8. Total penectomy
    ≈ $4,430
  9. Non-anatomic liver resection (NAR)
    ≈ $19,393
photo
Rionegro, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
he Hospital San Vicente Fundación de Rionegro is a private, non-profit entity, born from the hands and experience of the University Hospital of San Vicente read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $12,616
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $15,643
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $14,402
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,584
  6. Conization
    ≈ $2,922
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $7,636
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $12,681
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,587
photo
Melbourne, Australia
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Vietnamese
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre is a world leading cancer research, education and treatment centre and Australia’s only public health service solely dedicated to caring for read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Embolization for cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
    ≈ $14,216
  3. Endoscopic pituitary surgery
    ≈ $12,626
  4. Cranioplasty
    ≈ $4,706
  5. Brain shunt surgery
    ≈ $9,416
  6. Surgical neurolysis
    ≈ $1,354
  7. Chiari decompression surgery
    ≈ $5,409
  8. Epidural block
    ≈ $434
  9. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD)
    ≈ $7,403
photo
Barranquilla, Colombia
Specializations: Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Oncology
At Clínica de la Costa we work with our hearts to guarantee excellence and safety in everything we do, promoting teaching and research development. To read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    $3,709
  2. Brain shunt surgery
    $3,455 - $6,029
  3. Cranioplasty
    $4,408 - $6,633
  4. Brain aneurysm clipping
    $16,031
  5. Microvascular decompression (MVD)
    $2,269 - $4,636
  6. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) resection
    $13,715
  7. Embolization for cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
    $14,143
  8. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    $1,263 - $3,273
  9. Carotid angioplasty and stenting
    $2,515 - $5,246
photo
Tyumen, Russia
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Oncology
We carry out complex surgeries according to the author's methods, many studies and surgical interventions become a bright scientific discovery in medicine. Today, the Federal read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    $1,263 - $4,374
  2. Soft tissue tumor removal
    $1,747
  3. Surgery for bone cancer
    ≈ $4,086
  4. Pelvic bone resection
    ≈ $2,112
  5. Interspinous fixation with implant
    $5,299
  6. Discectomy
    $1,375
  7. Varicose vein stripping (Unilateral)
    $631
  8. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    $1,702
  9. Brain aneurysm clipping
    $2,841
photo
Novosibirsk, Russia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Oncology
The Federal state hospital "Federal Neurosurgical Center" of Russian Federation Healthcare Ministry has began neurosurgical activity in September 2012. The Center was built as a read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $6,400
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $6,692
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $6,084
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $2,279
  6. Conization
    ≈ $716
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $2,361
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $8,351
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $102
photo
Kaposvár, Hungary
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Somogy County Mór Kaposi Teaching Hospital as the dominant health institution in the region, it is responsible for the care of about 400,000 inhabitants. read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Embolization for cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
    ≈ $9,953
  3. Endoscopic pituitary surgery
    ≈ $1,987
  4. Cranioplasty
    ≈ $3,142
  5. Brain shunt surgery
    ≈ $1,753
  6. Epidural block
    ≈ $355
  7. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD)
    ≈ $4,874
  8. Kyphoplasty
    ≈ $2,012
  9. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF)
    ≈ $5,128
photo
Budapest, Hungary
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The institution became a hospital in the modern sense in 1919. After the outbreak of World War I, he nursed the wounded on 156 beds: read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    $379 - $573
  2. Endoscopic pituitary surgery
    $472
  3. Brain shunt surgery
    from $199
  4. Peripheral nerve repair
    $675
  5. Benign peripheral nerve tumor removal
    $356
  6. Laminectomy
    $255
  7. Discectomy
    $203
  8. Brain tumors surgery
    $472 - $924
  9. Brain aneurysm clipping
    $477 - $583
photo
Minsk, Belarus
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, Russian
State Institution «Republican Research and Clinical Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery» of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus (further - the Center) read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $12,616
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $15,643
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $14,402
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,584
  6. Conization
    ≈ $2,922
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $7,636
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $12,681
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,587
photo
Camperdown, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Portuguese, Russian, Turkish
Royal Prince Alfred Hospital is one of Australia's premier tertiary referral hospitals and is recognised as a worldwide leader in healthcare excellence and innovation. RPA read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Radiosurgery
    by request
  2. Splenectomy
    ≈ $9,891
  3. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $16,471
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $19,772
  5. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $11,257
  6. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $4,170
  7. Fontan procedure
    ≈ $34,825
  8. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation in children
    ≈ $27,151
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $36,884
photo
Randwick, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Chinese, Russian
We have 450 inpatient beds and almost 3,000 staff. Each year we care for more than 58,000 patients in our Emergency Department and around 50,000 read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — Gangnam Severance Hospital in Seoul, South Korea, clinic with the most reviews number of 35757 — Aster CMI hospital in Bengaluru, India.

With rating 4.0 and over — 67 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Athetosis:

Related procedures:

Procedures are likely to be used for Athetosis treatment: Radiosurgery .

Athetosis Unveiled: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Management

Definition

Athetosis is a separate form of subcortical hyperkinesis characterized by involuntary slow movements in the distal limbs with changes in muscle tone. It may be a part of the clinic of perinatal, hypoxic, hereditary-degenerative brain lesions. Athetosis is diagnosed clinically, and the underlying disease is clarified based on the study of neurologic status, cerebral circulation, cerebral morphology, and biochemical blood parameters. In treatment, neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, levodopa preparations, and cholinolytics are used. In severe forms, stereotactic interventions are resorted to.

General information

The term “athetosis” comes from the greek word meaning “moving.” The name reflects the characteristic worm-like involuntary movements. In the literature on neurology, a synonymous name for the disease appears – athetoid hyperkinesis. Hyperkineses are defined as non-targeted motor acts occurring beyond the patient’s will. Since athetosis is accompanied by slow movements without transition to tonic spasm, in the group of hyperkineses, it occupies an intermediate position between chorea with its rapid motor acts and torsion dystonia, characterized by spastic freezing in a particular position. There are borderline forms that cannot be unambiguously differentiated and are referred to as choreoathetosis or athetoid dystonia. The disease occurs in children and adults, and its prevalence does not depend on the sex of patients.

Causes of athetosis

The etiologic factors are hereditary and acquired lesions of the subcortical ganglia. In adults, genetic and vascular causes predominate; in children – perinatal CNS damage. Following main factors are distinguished:

  • Hereditary diseases. Athetosis is typical for Wilson’s disease, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Machado-Joseph disease, and Huntington’s disease.
  • Cerebral circulatory disorders. Acute and chronic cerebral ischemia causes hypoxic damage, including basal nuclei of the extrapyramidal system.
  • Birth trauma of the newborn. Complicated labor, narrow pelvis, and pathological course of the expulsion period of natural childbirth can cause intracranial birth trauma and intrapartum asphyxia with lesions of extrapyramidal structures.
  • Fetal hypoxia. Oxygen deprivation can be provoked by fetoplacental insufficiency, intrauterine infections, and hemolytic disease. The cerebral structures responsible for regulating the motor sphere are more sensitive to hypoxia. Hypoxic athetosis is part of the clinical picture of infantile cerebral palsy.
  • Prematurity. The emergence of disorders in the motor sphere is associated with underdevelopment of the corresponding cerebral structures.
  • Encephalitis. Athetosis against the background of inflammatory brain damage is noted mainly in children. Among adults, it is observed in a rare form of infectious encephalopathy – Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

In rare cases, athetosis is provoked by intoxication, brain injury, brain tumor, dysmetabolic, or autoimmune processes in the body.

Pathogenesis

As a result of etiologic factors, there are disturbances in the extrapyramidal system, which distributes the tone, duration, and strength of contractions between different muscle groups. The exact pathogenesis has yet to be established. The presumed localization of pathological changes is the caudate and lenticular subcortical nuclei. Extrapyramidal dysfunction results in excessive uncoordinated stimulating impulses to the muscles along the nerve trunks. Under the influence of nerve impulses, alternating muscle contractions are outwardly expressed by violent motor acts. It remains unknown what causes the athetoid form of hyperkinesis.

Classification

Depending on the localization and character of movements, several clinical forms of pathology are distinguished:

  • Hemiathetosis – unilateral athetosis involving muscles of one half of the body and face. It can be left- or right-sided.
  • Generalized athetosis – bilateral athetoid movements spreading to all muscles. Difficulty in speech function is typical.
  • Choreoathetosis is a hyperkinetic syndrome that combines features of athetosis and chorea. The movements specific to athetosis have a high-speed characteristic of chorea.
  • Athetoid dystonia – typical hyperkinesis periodically combined with prolongation of the phase of tonic muscle contraction, expressed in posture fixation.

Symptoms of athetosis

Clinical symptomatology is based on a gradual, slow change in the tone of various muscle groups, outwardly manifested by chaotic creeping motor acts. The movements occur spontaneously and are beyond the patient’s conscious control. Athetosis is provoked and intensified with purposeful actions and psycho-emotional tension, regresses at rest, and disappears during sleep. Patients indicate a particular posture (often lying on the stomach), allowing them to reduce movements.

Typical involvement of distal limbs (fingers, hands, feet), tongue. In more severe cases, athetosis extends to the proximal parts, neck and mimic muscles. Violent movements of the fingers are characterized as worm-like; in the proximal parts of the limbs, the movements are serpentine, and the lesion of the mimic muscles leads to grimacing. Fixation of the resulting finger/limb stance is absent; flamboyant postures smoothly transform into each other. Voluntary motor acts are difficult against the background of athetosis; in pronounced cases, self-care is impossible. Involvement of the muscles of the face and neck leads to a speech disorder (athetoid dysarthria).

Usually, athetosis is a component of the underlying disease, combined with typical symptoms for it. Athetoid hyperkinesis within the framework of hereditary pathology, severe perinatal damage occurs against the background of intellectual decline (progressive dementia, mental retardation). A separate nosology is a double form of the disease, manifesting in children at 11-12 months with previous muscle hypotonia. It is characterized by bilateral athetosis, choreoathetosis with spread to orofacial muscles, trunk, neck. It proceeds with swallowing disorder and dysarthria. In most cases, intellectual abilities are preserved.

Diagnosis

Athetoid hyperkinesis is diagnosed during patient examination. Further investigations are necessary to establish the etiology and diagnosis of the underlying disease. The following diagnostic measures are performed:

  • Collection of anamnesis. The time of hyperkinesis’s debut, its nature, development, the presence of perinatal pathology (in children), and hereditary aggravation are considered.
  • A neurologist examines the patient. The examination aims to differentiate from pseudoathetosis and identify symptoms indicative of a specific underlying pathology.
  • MRI of the brain. Visualizes organic changes, areas of ischemia, tumors, foci of inflammation, and degenerative processes. In 60% of cases, double athetosis is accompanied by hyperintense foci in the shell region and anterior thalamic nuclei.
  • Examination of cerebral blood flow is carried out when a vascular etiology is suspected. It is carried out by duplex scanning, ultrasound, and MRI of cerebral vessels.
  • Blood biochemical analysis allows you to detect dysmetabolic processes characteristic of hereditary diseases, such as decreased blood ceruloplasmin and increased uric acid and copper in the urine.

Athetosis should be differentiated from pseudoathetosis, pseudo-athetosis, pseudo-chorea, and torsion dystonia. Pseudoathetosis manifestations result from lesions of the conductive tracts of deep sensitivity. Pseudoathetosis occurs without muscle-tonic disorders, with loss of visual control over the action, and is observed together with sensory disorders. Minor chorea is characterized by an attack-like character of hyperkinesis, debuting at ten. Torsion dystonia is accompanied by the formation of pathological twisting postures with fixation in them.

Treatment of athetosis

Therapy aims to manage the underlying pathology. Specific drugs for the treatment of athetosis have not been developed. Some effects of using cholinolytics, regulators of dopamine metabolism (levodopa), neuroleptics, and benzodiazepine anticonvulsants have been noted. Periodic courses of pyridoxine intake and therapeutic exercise are recommended. When indicated, glutamic acid is used to stimulate intellectual development.

Severe athetosis may be an indication for stereotactic surgery – the destruction of the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, which provides communication of extrapyramidal formations. Surgical intervention can reduce the severity of hyperkinesis but is dangerous with the development of pseudobulbar syndrome, in which double athetosis aggravates swallowing disorders. An experimental treatment method is deep brain stimulation, which has an inhibitory effect on extrapyramidal structures.

Prognosis and prevention

The outcome depends on the underlying pathology. Despite pronounced movement disorders, patients affected in childhood may live to a ripe old age. Hereditary athetoid hyperkinesis with progressive degenerative changes in the CNS has a severe prognosis. A stable course characterizes double athetosis; partial compensation of movement disorders is possible with age. Prevention includes measures to prevent provoking factors: adequate management of pregnancy and childbirth, timely treatment of cerebral hemodynamic disorders, and neuro infections.

  • Isabella Gonzalez, M.D.
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