Patent foramen ovale (PFO) treatment in 250 Cardiac surgery and Vascular surgery clinics in Europe

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250 clinics specializing in Cardiac surgery and Vascular surgery providing treatment of Patent foramen ovale (PFO) Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital heart defect where a small hole between the upper chambers of the heart fails to close after birth. It can allow blood clots to pass from the right to the left side of the heart, potentially causing stroke or other complications.
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disease in Europe.

Albania · 1
Austria · 22
Belarus · 6
Belgium · 7
Bulgaria · 3
Croatia · 1
Denmark · 1
Finland · 5
France · 15
Germany · 39
Greece · 2
Hungary · 9
Ireland · 6
Italy · 11
Latvia · 4
Moldova · 1
Monaco · 1
Norway · 1
Poland · 3
Portugal · 12
Romania · 4
Russia · 21
Serbia · 1
Slovakia · 6
Spain · 18
Sweden · 1
Ukraine · 2
You can select a specific country
Albania · 1 Austria · 22 Belarus · 6 Belgium · 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina · 1 Bulgaria · 3 Croatia · 1 Czech Republic · 13 Denmark · 1 Finland · 5 France · 15 Germany · 39 Greece · 2 Hungary · 9 Ireland · 6 Italy · 11 Latvia · 4 Luxembourg · 1 Moldova · 1 Monaco · 1 Netherlands · 7 Norway · 1 Poland · 3 Portugal · 12 Romania · 4 Russia · 21 Serbia · 1 Slovakia · 6 Spain · 18 Sweden · 1 Switzerland · 13 Ukraine · 2 United Kingdom · 12
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Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    ≈ $87,635
  2. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $22,437
  3. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $21,583
  5. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $1,767
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $54,613
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $56,372
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $69,592
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $77,784
photo
Turku, Finland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
In the area of ​​Tyksin Main Hospital, there are A, U and T hospitals, Lighthouse Hospital and several other buildings with patient reception and treatment read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    ≈ $33,353
  2. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $20,114
  3. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $16,275
  5. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $1,572
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $43,351
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $47,105
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $52,646
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $48,789
photo
Bologna, Italy
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The IRCCS University Hospital of Bologna Policlinico S. Orsola is a very old hospital (the first nucleus dates back to 1592) and is the seat read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $6,499
  2. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $18,393
  3. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $50,970
  4. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $35,173
  5. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $52,701
  6. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $35,489
  7. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $64,539
  8. Peripheral artery angioplasty and stent placement
    ≈ $4,390
  9. Abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)
    ≈ $44,646
photo
Leiden, Netherlands
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
LUMC is a modern university medical center for research, education and patient care with a high quality profile and a strong scientific orientation. In order read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    ≈ $24,143
  2. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $15,076
  3. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  4. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $6,499
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $11,720
  6. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $18,393
  7. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $1,407
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $17,747
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $50,970
photo
Maastricht, Netherlands
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, German
Maastricht University Medical Center+ is known both nationally and internationally for its focus on prevention and taking an integrated approach to health care: from prevention, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    ≈ $24,143
  2. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $15,076
  3. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  4. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $6,499
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $11,720
  6. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $18,393
  7. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $1,407
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $17,747
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $50,970
photo
Utrecht, Netherlands
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Since everyone deserves the best possible healthcare, UMC Utrecht always sets the bar high. The result: innovative, cutting-edge medical treatment that meets the healthcare needs read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    ≈ $51,889
  2. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $24,670
  3. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  4. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $5,410
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $20,597
  6. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $20,842
  7. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $2,139
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $45,885
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $74,025
photo
Essen, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The University Hospital Essen is part of the University Medicine Essen hospital group . This includes 15 other subsidiaries , including the Ruhrland Clinic, the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $20,114
  2. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  3. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $3,663
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $16,275
  5. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $14,459
  6. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $1,572
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $43,351
  8. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $47,105
  9. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $52,646
photo
Florence, Italy
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Careggi University Hospital is a hospital company integrated with the University of Florence and is characterized by hospitalization assistance, specialist outpatient services and read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    ≈ $51,889
  2. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $24,670
  3. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  4. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $5,410
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $20,597
  6. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $20,842
  7. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $2,139
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $45,885
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $74,025
photo
Köln, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Germany is one of the world's leading medical countries worldwide. Its 33 university hospitals form the highest tier of the country's sophisticated healthcare system. The read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    ≈ $21,151
  2. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $11,763
  3. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  4. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $1,999
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $9,414
  6. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $1,100
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $27,611
  8. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $30,825
  9. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $29,400
photo
Barcelona, Spain
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Vall d'Hebron University Hospital is the sum of our four hospitals: the General Hospital, the Children's Hospital, the Women's Hospital and the Traumatology, Rehabilitation read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous ASD closure
    by request
  2. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  3. Pulmonary angiography
    by request
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    by request
  5. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    by request
  6. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    by request
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    by request
  8. Heart valve replacement
    by request
  9. Heart valve repair
    by request
photo
Milan, Italy
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology, Dentistry
Languages: English
The San Raffaele Hospital is an institute which embodies clinical, research and university activities. Established in 1971 it provides international-level specialized care for the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary angiography
    by request
  2. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    by request
  3. Peripheral artery angioplasty and stent placement
    by request
  4. Abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)
    by request
  5. Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR)
    by request
  6. Arteriovenous (AV) fistula surgery
    by request
  7. Endovascular thrombectomy
    by request
  8. Carotid angioplasty and stenting
    by request
  9. Renal artery angioplasty and stenting
    by request
photo
Milan, Italy
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
Founded in 1958, Casa di Cura La Madonnina is the most important and exclusive private hospital located in the heart of Milan, close to the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    ≈ $13,884
  2. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $707
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,354
  4. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $5,969
  5. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $23,411
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $25,457
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,588
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $31,937
  9. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,846
photo
Thessaloníki, Greece
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
The Inter-Balkan Medical Center of Thessaloniki is the largest and most modern private hospital in SE Europe. It was founded in 2000 and operates in read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $11,763
  2. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  3. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $1,999
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $9,414
  5. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $9,340
  6. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $1,100
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $27,611
  8. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $30,825
  9. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $29,400
photo
Barcelona, Spain
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
HM New Delphi Hospital is a reflection of our way of understanding medicine, always patient-centered. A philosophy that has positioned us as the reference center read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $5,410
  2. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $20,597
  3. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $20,842
  4. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $2,139
  5. Peripheral artery angioplasty and stent placement
    ≈ $19,161
  6. Abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)
    ≈ $68,687
  7. Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR)
    ≈ $59,858
  8. Arteriovenous (AV) fistula surgery
    ≈ $7,266
  9. Endovascular thrombectomy
    ≈ $18,255
photo
Bremen, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Klinikum Bremen-Mitte offers its patients competent and efficient medical, nursing and psychosocial care and is a maximum care hospital. We have all the necessary read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $5,410
  2. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $20,842
  3. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $2,139
  4. Peripheral artery angioplasty and stent placement
    ≈ $19,161
  5. Abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)
    ≈ $68,687
  6. Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR)
    ≈ $59,858
  7. Arteriovenous (AV) fistula surgery
    ≈ $7,266
  8. Endovascular thrombectomy
    ≈ $18,255
  9. Carotid angioplasty and stenting
    ≈ $28,737
photo
Bremen, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
From obstetrics to geriatrics, the Bremen-Nord Clinic, with around 970 employees, offers all medical services that are important for the people in Bremen-Nord and the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $38,043
  2. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  3. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $5,635
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $27,822
  5. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $2,766
  6. Peripheral artery angioplasty and stent placement
    ≈ $20,773
  7. Arteriovenous (AV) fistula surgery
    ≈ $8,570
  8. Endovascular thrombectomy
    ≈ $17,149
  9. Varicose veins treatment
    ≈ $17,874
photo
Genolier, Switzerland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French, German
Founded in 1972, Clinique de Genolier is the flagship of Swiss Medical Network. With 120 beds and 210 doctors, it is one of the largest read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    by request
  2. Percutaneous ASD closure
    by request
  3. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    by request
  5. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    by request
  6. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    by request
  7. Heart valve replacement
    by request
  8. Heart valve repair
    by request
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    by request
photo
Milan, Italy
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Sant'Ambrogio Clinical Institute stands as national excellence in particular in two areas: Cardiovascular and Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity. As for the first, the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $24,670
  2. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  3. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $5,410
  4. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $20,842
  5. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $2,139
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $74,025
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $55,892
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $52,000
  9. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $55,238
photo
Birkenwerder, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery
Our clinic has a 115 years long tradition. What once was a sanatorium is nowadays an acute clinic with 151 beds. Our specialties are orthopaedics, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair in children
    ≈ $51,889
  2. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $24,670
  3. NobleStitch™ PFO closure procedure
    by request
  4. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $5,410
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $20,597
  6. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $20,842
  7. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $2,139
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $45,885
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $74,025
photo
Bremen, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Klinikum Links der Weser is one of four houses of the Bremen hospital group Gesundheit Nord. We treat around 20,000 inpatients and semi-inpatients every read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary angiography
    ≈ $1,237
  2. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $7,081
  3. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $5,208
  4. Foam sclerotherapy (Unilateral)
    ≈ $148
  5. Peripheral artery angioplasty and stent placement
    ≈ $5,530
  6. Abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)
    ≈ $17,616
  7. Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR)
    ≈ $17,037
  8. Arteriovenous (AV) fistula surgery
    ≈ $867
  9. Endovascular thrombectomy
    ≈ $4,432
photo
Kraków, Poland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The University Hospital in Krakow is a leading medical centre on the national scale, with rich longstanding traditions. Its renown has been built over decades read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — Clinical Hospital Lapino in Moscow, Russia and 1 more, clinic with the most reviews number of 3114 — Quirónsalud Madrid University Hospital in Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.

With rating 4.0 and over — 63 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Patent foramen ovale (PFO):

Related procedures:

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) as one of the conditions of minor heart anomalies

Hemodynamic disturbances in minor heart anomalies

Our body is a unique system in which scientists are not always able to draw a clear line between the norm and pathology. One such situation is when a patient has one or more conditions from the so-called group of minor heart anomalies (MHA). In this article, we will analyze in detail what these defects are and what features of hemodynamics (blood flow) they have.

Why was the term "minor heart anomalies" used?

Improving the diagnosis of heart diseases, the accumulation and analysis of the results of scientific research and databases have led to the interest of doctors and scientists in borderline changes in the structure of the heart. Some authors refer to the latter as MHA. However, this term is not international, and the states that can be attributed to it remain a matter of debate.

MHA belongs to connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) — a clinically heterogeneous group of diseases that are caused by primary (genetic) or secondary (non-genetic) disorders in the production and/or breakdown of connective tissue proteins and components of the extracellular substance.

Various pathologies can be attributed to MHA, however, in this article, in the context of MHA, we will analyze hemodynamics in the following conditions:

  1. mitral valve prolapse (MVP);
  2. aneurysm of the interatrial septum (AIS);
  3. patent foramen ovale (PFO);
  4. an elongated Eustachian valve (EV);
  5. Chiari networks.

However, before the main part of the article, it is necessary to recall important aspects of the anatomy of the heart and hemodynamics in normal conditions. So, the heart consists of four cavities: two ventricles and two atria. The left side of the heart muscle pumps blood through the systemic circulation, and the right side through the small one. Both halves are separated by a partition. An important role in proper hemodynamics is played by the valves of the heart, which prevent the reverse flow of blood.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

MVP is detected by ECHO-CG in 2-3% of patients from the general population. The main complications of this pathology are associated with the progression of mitral insufficiency. When it occurs, the reverse flow of blood (regurgitation) from the left atrium into the left ventricle. Also, this pathology increases the risk of endocarditis (inflammation of the inner layer of the heart - endocardium), sudden cardiac death and stroke.

Elongated Eustachian valve (EV)

The remnants of the Eustachian valve (EV) are parts of the embryological valves of the venous sinus (it is a rudimentary, anatomically variable structure). The average length of the EC is 3.6 mm with a range of 1.5 to 23 mm. It may persist as a mobile oblong structure extending into the right atrium. Thus, it can be mistaken for an abnormal formation in the heart. The Eustachian valve should be differentiated from atrial tumors, thrombi, or vegetations.

A large EV may be associated with impaired hemodynamics due to the direction of blood flow through the inferior vena cava into the left atrium through an atrial septal defect. It may also predispose to paradoxical embolism in patients with patent foramen ovale by the same mechanism. A large EV can cause an obstruction (blockage) in the inferior vena cava. Myxoma, papillary fibroelastoma and cyst can also occur from it. In some cases, EV causes endocarditis, pulmonary thromboembolism and provokes the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia.

The manifestations and clinical significance of an elongated EV are determined by the association with other anomalies, difficulties in differential ECHO-CG diagnostics, and possible complications.

Chiari Network

The Chiari network is a congenital anatomical variation at the junction of the right atrium with the superior and inferior vena cava. The network was first described in the medical literature in 1875.

The prevalence of the Chiari network varies from 1.3 to 4% with post-mortem findings and from 0.3 to 9.5% with transthoracic echocardiography. This pathology may also be associated with an increased prevalence of other congenital anomalies, including patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal aneurysm. However, there was no convincing evidence that this defect can interfere with blood flow.

The medical literature describes cases of difficulty in passing catheters into various structures of the heart if the patient has a Chiari network.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO)

In 75% of the population, the foramen ovale spontaneously closes normally at birth with an increase in left atrial pressure and a decrease in pulmonary resistance. However, it persists as an open pulmonary collar in 15–35% of the adult population. A patent foramen ovale is an embryonic atrial septal defect that allows oxygenated blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium. The PFO is of clinical importance because it can be a source of thrombus formation or serve as a conduit for paradoxical embolism.

Atrial septal aneurysm

This condition is a local atrial septal defect, consisting of its excess and mobile tissue. This defect is located in the region of the oval fossa and protrudes into the right or left atrium, and sometimes fluctuates between both atria. Although its prevalence in the general population has not been reported, the defect is thought to occur in 2–3% of the population. Except for its potential role in cardioembolic stroke and its structural association with valvular regurgitation, patent foramen ovale, and atrial septal defect, it has been considered an incidental and clinically asymptomatic finding in adult patients.

Thus, clinically significant hemodynamic disturbances in minor cardiac anomalies are quite rare. Most often, these conditions are associated with regurgitation, an increased risk of thrombosis and endocarditis. It is not uncommon for different forms of MHA to be found in the same patient.

References:

  1. Basso C, Iliceto S, Thiene G, Perazzolo Marra M. Mitral Valve Prolapse, Ventricular Arrhythmias, and Sudden Death. Circulation. 2019;140(11):952-964.
  2. Althunayyan A, Petersen SE, Lloyd G, Bhattacharyya S. Mitral valve prolapse. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2019;17(1):43-51.
  3. Gulel O, Yazici M, Sahin M. Unusual elongation of the Eustachian valve. Int Heart J. 2007;48(1):113-116.
  4. Teshome MK, Najib K, Nwagbara CC, Akinseye OA, Ibebuogu UN. Patent Foramen Ovale: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2020;45(2):100392.
  5. Yetkin E, Ileri M, Korkmaz A, Ozturk S. Association between atrial septal aneurysm and arrhythmias. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2020;54(3):169-173.
  6. Supranational (international) recommendations for structural anomalies of the heart // Medical Bulletin of the North Caucasus. 2018. No. 1.2.