Autoimmune diseases treatment in 329 Oncology clinics worldwide

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329 clinics specializing in Oncology providing treatment of Autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis, each with unique symptoms and treatment approaches.
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worldwide.

Africa · 3
Americas · 37
Asia · 115
Europe · 161
Oceania · 13
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Africa · 3 Americas · 37 Asia · 115 Europe · 161 Oceania · 13
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Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Gamma Knife
    $16,552
  3. Hemicolectomy
    $27,442
  4. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $19,845
  5. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $17,097
  6. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $12,421
  7. Conization
    $3,702
  8. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $12,708
  9. Radical nephrectomy
    $21,779
photo
Seoul, South Korea
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology, Dentistry
The hospital is fully devoted to elevating its medical service quality by introducing state-of-the-art equipment and systems such as Robot surgery, Linear Accelerator, 3.0T MRI, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $3,310
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,174
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $665
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $2,148
  6. Conization
    ≈ $687
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $2,017
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $4,554
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $414
photo
São Paulo, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Founded in 1968, the Mooca unit is known for being a highly complex Oncological Treatment Center and for having a renowned Clinical Research Center. In read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Chemotherapy for melanoma
    by request
  3. Chemotherapy for endometrial cancer
    by request
  4. Chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer
    by request
  5. Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer
    by request
  6. Chemotherapy for bone cancer
    by request
  7. Chemotherapy for eye cancer
    by request
  8. Chemotherapy for myeloma
    by request
  9. Chemotherapy for non-melanoma skin cancer
    by request
photo
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Specializations: Oncology
Founded in 1999, Oncocentro was born with the purpose of offering an integral, welcoming and interdisciplinary service. Over the years, it has become a reference read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $3,310
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,174
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $665
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $2,148
  6. Conization
    ≈ $687
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $2,017
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $4,554
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $414
photo
Salvador, Brazil
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Oncology
Founded 30 years ago, the Oncology Nucleus of Bahia (NOB) joined the Oncoclínicas Group in 2014. The clinic offers comprehensive and individualized care to cancer read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $9,870
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $10,179
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $8,690
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $4,267
  6. Conization
    ≈ $1,992
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $3,653
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $9,531
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,079
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
As of March 14, 1994, the Alexander Fleming Institute opened its doors to medical and scientific excellence. Maximum technical-scientific level and comfort in one of read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $13,463
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,693
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,369
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,959
  6. Conization
    ≈ $3,120
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $8,148
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $13,531
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,694
photo
Southport, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Oncology
We’re located on the corner of Parklands Drive and Olsen Avenue in Southport and provide public health services for the Gold Coast and wider community. read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $13,463
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,693
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,369
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,959
  6. Conization
    ≈ $3,120
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $8,148
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $13,531
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,694
photo
Auchenflower, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
For generations of Queenslanders, The Wesley Hospital in Brisbane has provided care through life’s journey — from birth into childhood, to adulthood and to end read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $13,463
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,693
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,369
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,959
  6. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $13,531
  7. Parotidectomy
    ≈ $6,305
  8. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
    ≈ $9,240
  9. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $21,477
photo
Garran, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Canberra Health Services (CHS) delivers high quality, effective, person-centred care. We deliver a range of health services for people across the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,369
  3. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,959
  4. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $13,531
  5. Lumpectomy
    ≈ $4,797
  6. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)
    ≈ $7,031
  7. Simple mastectomy
    ≈ $8,185
  8. Radical cystectomy
    ≈ $17,730
  9. Breast reconstruction after mastectomy
    ≈ $19,266
photo
Perth, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Established in 1855 Royal Perth Hospital (RPH) is Western Australia's longest-serving hospital and renowned for contributing to innovation and excellence in medical research and patient read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Splenectomy
    ≈ $10,554
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $21,088
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $39,359
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $44,799
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $39,704
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $44,275
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $36,940
  9. Laminectomy
    ≈ $10,214
photo
Randwick, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Chinese, Russian
We have 450 inpatient beds and almost 3,000 staff. Each year we care for more than 58,000 patients in our Emergency Department and around 50,000 read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $13,463
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,693
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,369
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,959
  6. Conization
    ≈ $3,120
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $8,148
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $13,531
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,694
photo
Greenslopes, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Greenslopes Private Hospital is proud to be one of Australia’s leading private teaching hospitals, owned and operated by Ramsay Health Care. Located on the southside read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $13,463
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,693
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,369
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,959
  6. Conization
    ≈ $3,120
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $8,148
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $13,531
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,694
photo
Mornington, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Since 1969, Beleura Private Hospital, Mornington, has maintained a strong commitment to continuous improvement and innovation, in response to the local medical, surgical and mental read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $13,463
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,693
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,369
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,959
  6. Conization
    ≈ $3,120
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $8,148
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $13,531
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,694
photo
Malvern, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Established in 1948, this 508-bed acute care hospital provides a wide range of services including cardiac care, day procedures, day oncology, emergency care, hospital-in-the-home, intensive read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $13,463
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,693
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,369
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,959
  6. Conization
    ≈ $3,120
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $8,148
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $13,531
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,694
photo
Murdoch, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
St John of God Murdoch Hospital is one of the leading private health campuses in Western Australia and a major health care hub serving the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $4,520
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,497
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $3,577
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $1,662
  6. Conization
    ≈ $735
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $1,643
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $4,166
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $411
photo
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Evercare Hospital Dhaka is a 425-bed multidisciplinary super specialty tertiary care hospital which is the first and only hospital in Bangladesh to have got JCI read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $4,520
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,497
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $3,577
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $1,662
  6. Conization
    ≈ $735
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $1,643
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $4,166
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $411
photo
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Opening its doors in August 2006 and situated beside the picturesque Gulshan Lake, this hospital is one of the largest private sector healthcare facilities in read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $8,637
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $9,181
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $3,585
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,631
  6. Conization
    ≈ $117
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $1,007
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $7,510
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $391
photo
Brno, Czech Republic
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno is a state contributory organization established and directly managed by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic. University St. read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $8,637
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $9,181
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $3,585
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,631
  6. Conization
    ≈ $117
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $1,007
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $7,510
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $391
photo
Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Hradec Králové University Hospital is one of the largest medical facilities not only in Eastern Bohemia, but also in the entire Czech Republic. Over read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $8,637
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $9,181
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $3,585
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,631
  6. Conization
    ≈ $117
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $1,007
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $7,510
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $391
photo
Prague, Czech Republic
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Faculty Hospital of Královské Vinohrady (FNKV) is a highly specialized medical facility providing health care in almost the entire range of the medical spectrum read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $8,637
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $9,181
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $3,585
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $5,631
  6. Conization
    ≈ $117
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $1,007
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $7,510
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $391
photo
Prague, Czech Republic
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The hospital is a selected medical and educational facility designated by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic. It provides adults and children with read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — Berkana clinic in Moscow, Russia and 3 more, clinic with the most reviews number of 35757 — Aster CMI hospital in Bengaluru, India.

With rating 4.0 and over — 104 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Autoimmune diseases:

Related procedures:

Procedures are likely to be used for Autoimmune diseases treatment: Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs) .

Autoimmune Diseases - General Overview

Diseases Types & Epidemiology

How common are the autoimmune diseases?

Autoimmune diseases are a group of conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's tissues. Over 80 distinct autoimmune diseases have been identified, affecting approximately 5-8% of the global population. In many cases, these conditions are more common in women, with a female-to-male ratio of about 3:1. There are 80 to 100 discovered autoimmune diseases at this moment. The most prevalent them include psoriasis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, type 1 diabetes (T1DM), celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis (MS), Crohn's disease, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Behçet's disease, primary Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and myositis. In the United States alone, nearly 50 million people have at least one autoimmune condition [AARDA, 2024].

Autoimmune disorders can be categorized based on the affected site, falling into three groups: systemic, organ-specific, and hemolytic. Systemic or non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases affect major organs like the brain, heart, liver, and kidney, causing the accumulation of immune complexes in tissues. Examples include systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Organ-specific autoimmune diseases target a particular organ due to autoantibodies, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Myasthenia Gravis, and type 1 diabetes. Hemolytic autoimmune diseases produce autoantibodies against self-blood components, leading to their destruction, as seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia and leukopenia [British Society for Immunology, 2024].

Causes & Risk Factors

What is the primary issue of autoimmune diseases?

The fundamental issue underlying autoimmune diseases is a breakdown in the body's ability to distinguish between its healthy tissues and foreign invaders. This loss of immune tolerance leads to the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's cells and organs, causing significant tissue damage. While the precise causes of this phenomenon remain elusive, it appears to involve a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors.

One mechanism by which autoimmunity can be triggered is through the innate immune system's response to pathogen-associated molecules. When the body's Toll-like receptors recognize these molecular patterns, they can activate an inflammatory cascade, leading the immune system to mount a response against both foreign and self-antigens. This aberrant reaction can ultimately result in the development of various autoimmune diseases.

Numerous risk factors have been identified that can increase an individual's susceptibility to autoimmune conditions. These include a family history of autoimmune disorders, exposure to certain infections, environmental toxins, and hormonal imbalances. For instance, the HLA-DRB1 gene variant is strongly associated with an elevated risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, while specific HLA alleles are linked to an increased likelihood of type 1 diabetes. Additionally, environmental factors, such as smoking, can further elevate the risk of rheumatoid arthritis by up to 40%.

Moreover, specific pathogens, including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori, and Rubella, have been implicated in triggering immune responses that can contribute to the development of conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Interestingly, some autoimmune disorders, such as SLE, vasculitis, vitiligo, and alopecia areata, have also been observed to have potential complications associated with the SARS-CoV vaccines.

Clinical Manifestation & Symptoms

What signs should one anticipate while suspecting autoimmune diseases?

Autoimmune diseases can manifest in diverse symptoms, often depending on the specific organs or systems affected.

Everyday experiences may include persistent fatigue, joint discomfort, skin rashes, and condition-specific issues. For instance, the autoimmune skin disorder psoriasis typically presents with flaky, scaly skin patches, while elevated blood sugar levels characterize type 1 diabetes.

Neurological symptoms like muscle weakness and coordination difficulties are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis. More systemic conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, can impact numerous organs concurrently, leading to diverse symptoms, including kidney dysfunction, joint pain, and skin rashes.

Overall, the clinical presentation of autoimmune diseases can be quite varied and complex, underscoring the importance of careful diagnosis and personalized treatment approaches.

Diagnostic Route & Screening

When, where, and how should autoimmune diseases be detected?

Diagnosing autoimmune diseases is a comprehensive process that combines thorough clinical evaluation, extensive laboratory testing, and advanced imaging studies.

Key diagnostic markers include antinuclear antibodies to identify systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies for celiac disease, rheumatoid factor, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide for rheumatoid arthritis, and antinuclear cytoplasmic antibodies for conditions like vasculitis.

Imaging techniques such as MRI or ultrasound are often necessary to assess organ involvement, particularly in diseases like multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis.

In some instances, a biopsy may be required for a definitive diagnosis, as it can reveal the characteristic patterns of immune-mediated damage seen in conditions like primary biliary cirrhosis or systemic sclerosis. This comprehensive diagnostic approach allows healthcare providers to accurately identify the underlying autoimmune disorder and develop a personalized treatment plan for the patient.

Treatment Approaches

What are the options for managing autoimmune diseases?

Managing autoimmune diseases involves regulating the immune system and minimizing damage to tissues. Treatment options include immunosuppressant drugs, such as methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis, and corticosteroids like prednisone for systemic lupus erythematosus. Biologic agents are also used, including TNF inhibitors like infliximab for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and IL-17 inhibitors like secukinumab for psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis. Newer therapies, such as JAK inhibitors like tofacitinib for rheumatoid arthritis, target specific pathways involved in the immune response. In addition to these pharmaceutical interventions, healthcare providers often recommend lifestyle modifications and physical therapy to help improve quality of life and manage symptoms for individuals with autoimmune conditions [NIH, 2023].

Prognosis & Follow-Up

How does cutting-edge science improve the lifespan and quality of life for those with autoimmune diseases?

The outlook for individuals with autoimmune diseases can vary greatly, depending on the specific condition, how early it is detected, and the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment. While some autoimmune disorders, like type 1 diabetes, can be managed relatively well with interventions like insulin therapy, others, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, can lead to significant health complications if not addressed promptly.

For instance, the 5-year survival rate for systemic sclerosis, a severe autoimmune condition, typically ranges from 70% to 90%, with the prognosis often tied to the extent of organ involvement.

Maintaining regular follow-up care is crucial for people living with autoimmune diseases, as it allows healthcare providers to closely monitor disease progression and make timely adjustments to treatment plans as needed. This regular monitoring often involves a combination of periodic blood tests, medical imaging, and comprehensive clinical assessments to detect any signs of ongoing disease activity or potential complications.

  • Isabella Gonzalez, M.D.
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