Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor treatment in 803 Oncology clinics worldwide

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803 clinics specializing in Oncology providing treatment of Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) are rare cancers that form in the digestive tract. They arise from neuroendocrine cells and can produce hormones, causing various symptoms. Treatment involves surgery, targeted therapy, and other interventions.
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disease worldwide.

Africa · 9
Americas · 168
Asia · 249
Europe · 344
Oceania · 33
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Africa · 9 Americas · 168 Asia · 249 Europe · 344 Oceania · 33
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  4. Chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer
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  5. Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer
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  6. Chemotherapy for bone cancer
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  7. Chemotherapy for eye cancer
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  8. Chemotherapy for myeloma
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Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Specializations: Oncology
Founded in 1999, Oncocentro was born with the purpose of offering an integral, welcoming and interdisciplinary service. Over the years, it has become a reference read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  2. Radiation therapy for breast cancer
    $2,169 - $3,828
  3. Radiotherapy for prostate cancer
    $2,552
  4. LINAC based stereotactic radiosurgery
    $2,552
  5. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
    $2,552
  6. Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT)
    $2,552
  7. Radiosurgery
    $2,552
  8. Intracavitary brachytherapy
    $2,297
  9. Lumpectomy
    ≈ $1,239
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Balashikha, Russia
Specializations: Oncology
The PET-Technology oncology center in Balashikha was designed, built and equipped as part of a public-private partnership with the Government of the Moscow Region, the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  2. Radiation therapy for breast cancer
    $2,169 - $3,828
  3. Radiotherapy for prostate cancer
    $2,552
  4. LINAC based stereotactic radiosurgery
    $2,552
  5. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
    $2,552
  6. Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT)
    $2,552
  7. Radiosurgery
    $2,552
  8. Intracavitary brachytherapy
    $2,297
  9. Lumpectomy
    ≈ $1,239
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Podolsk, Russia
Specializations: Oncology
The PET-Technology Cancer Radiology Center in Podolsk is a modern, comfortable medical facility for patients with any stage of the disease. The center has a read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $1,135
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $5,712
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $2,504
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $4,695
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $4,530
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $1,293
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $718
  8. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $2,254
  9. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $1,180
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Riga, Latvia
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Oncology
Our highly qualified specialists have experience in clinical and scientific work. We use laparoscopic operations in the surgical treatment of ovarian cysts, fibroids, uterus read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  2. Chemotherapy for liver cancer
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  3. Chemotherapy for brain cancer
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  4. Chemotherapy for lymphoma
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  5. Chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer
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  6. Chemotherapy for eye cancer
    by request
  7. Chemotherapy for myeloma
    by request
  8. Chemotherapy for melanoma
    by request
  9. Chemotherapy for non-melanoma skin cancer
    by request
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Budapest, Hungary
Specializations: Oncology
In the Oncology Profile of the Internal Medicine and Oncology Clinic patients with so-called solid tumors are treated with medication. The center offers traditional chemotherapy read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  2. Radiation therapy for breast cancer
    from $21,750
  3. Radiotherapy for prostate cancer
    from $34,476
  4. Brachytherapy for prostate cancer
    from $53,066
  5. Lumpectomy
    ≈ $7,067
  6. Simple mastectomy
    from $16,915
  7. Partial mastectomy
    from $19,191
  8. Radical mastectomy
    from $16,915
  9. Surgical breast biopsy
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Helsinki, Finland
Specializations: Oncology
Docrates Cancer Center, based in Helsinki, Finland, is a leading international treatment facility specialising in the diagnostics, treatment and follow-up of cancers. The hospital opened read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $23,644
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $22,236
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $18,446
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $19,750
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $8,196
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $3,834
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $12,492
  8. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  9. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $19,703
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Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, Arabic
Mediclinic City Hospital’s Comprehensive Cancer Centre (CCC), is Dubai’s most advanced facility for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Built in collaboration with Mediclinic Middle read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $14,082
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $9,104
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $8,023
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $9,771
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $3,741
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $1,980
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $6,470
  8. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  9. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $9,550
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Medina, Saudi Arabia
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Oncology
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (Gen. Org) Madinah (KFSH&RC-M) is the latest addition to our internationally recognized organization. Our mission at KFSH&RC-M is read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $41,512
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $22,297
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $21,799
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $24,836
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $13,488
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $4,767
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $17,678
  8. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  9. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $25,939
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London, United Kingdom
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Thoracic surgery, Oncology
Newsweek ranks Mayo Clinic in the United States as the best hospital in the world. U.S. News & World Report has ranked it No. 1 read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $41,088
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $26,726
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $17,410
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $20,557
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $12,736
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $5,170
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $15,498
  8. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  9. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $23,647
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Milan, Italy
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, English, Russian
The IEO (European Institute of Oncology) is one of the world's most prestigious hospitals and the fastest growing comprehensive cancer centre in Europe. IEO integrates read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
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  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $4,445
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
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  4. Proximal gastric resection
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  5. Distal gastric resection
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  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
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  7. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  8. Brachytherapy for prostate cancer
    $5,303
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    $2,894
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Kazan, Russia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Oncology
GAUZ "Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan" named after Professor M.Z. Sigal "is one of the largest read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $37,403
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $20,504
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $13,007
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $10,763
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $10,894
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $5,130
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $16,441
  8. Robot-assisted gastrectomy
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  9. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
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Marseille, France
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Oncology
The Paoli-Calmettes Institute (IPC) is a center for the fight against cancer, a member of the Unicancer group , governed by the public health code. read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $18,454
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $9,894
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $7,417
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $6,723
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $5,450
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $2,334
  7. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  8. Conization
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  9. Open hysterectomy
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Reynosa, Mexico
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
The quality of CHRISTUS MUGUERZA on the Mexican border At CHRISTUS MUGUERZA Hospital Reynosa we provide high quality medical services to the Tamaulipas border community read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $6,898
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $4,056
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $3,544
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $3,908
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $1,826
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $793
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $2,630
  8. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  9. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $4,516
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Chittagong, Bangladesh
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Oncology
Chattogram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital is a 650-bedded hospital, which includes Paediatrics Medicine, Neonatology, Pediatric Surgery, Paediatric Neorology, General Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Medicine & it's sub-specialists. read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  2. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $10,240
  3. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $3,151
  4. Radical nephrectomy
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  5. Parotidectomy
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  6. Lumpectomy
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Chennai, India
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Cancer Institute (WIA), as you are aware, is a public charitable voluntary institute dedicated to the care of cancer for for the last 60 read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $21,719
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $16,699
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $15,131
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $15,217
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $9,751
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $3,145
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $13,492
  8. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  9. Hemicolectomy
    $14,011
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Melbourne, Australia
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Croatian, Italian, Serbian, Somali, Turkish, Vietnamese, Spanish; Castilian, Chinese, Greek, Modern
St Vincent’s Hospitals Australia has a rich tradition of providing progressive and excellent health care. We combine the latest technology with exceptional and compassionate medical, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $37,403
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $20,504
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $13,007
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $10,763
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $10,894
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $5,130
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $16,441
  8. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
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    ≈ $17,250
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Paris, France
Specializations: Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Ambroise Paré, Pierre Cherest and Hartmann Clinics bring together specialized multidisciplinary teams. Regarding the financial aspect of care, every effort is made to ensure read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $19,121
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $9,017
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $7,020
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $6,285
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $6,040
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $2,270
  7. Small bowel resection
    ≈ $6,947
  8. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $9,859
  9. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $10,155
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Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
As of March 14, 1994, the Alexander Fleming Institute opened its doors to medical and scientific excellence. Maximum technical-scientific level and comfort in one of read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $13,631
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,901
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $15,560
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $6,033
  6. Conization
    ≈ $3,159
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $8,250
  8. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,715
  9. Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH)
    ≈ $8,400
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Werribee, Australia
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Mercy Health – Health Services provides care for people in hospitals, clinics and community-based healthcare facilities in Victoria and southern New South Wales.Werribee Mercy Hospital read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Total gastrectomy
    ≈ $21,719
  2. Laproscopic total gastrectomy
    ≈ $16,699
  3. Subtotal gastrectomy
    ≈ $15,131
  4. Proximal gastric resection
    ≈ $15,217
  5. Distal gastric resection
    ≈ $9,751
  6. Gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
    ≈ $3,145
  7. Chemotherapy for stomach cancer
    by request
  8. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $13,631
  9. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $16,901
photo
Brighton, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Cabrini Brighton is a boutique hospital located in the heart of Bayside, open 24 hours, seven days a week.This 138-bed facility specialises in oncology services, read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — Berkana clinic in Moscow, Russia and 4 more, clinic with the most reviews number of 35757 — Aster CMI hospital in Bengaluru, India.

With rating 4.0 and over — 275 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor:

Related procedures:

Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Overview and Treatment

Disease Types & Epidemiology

How common is the disease?

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors are a diverse group of growths that develop from the hormone-producing cells within the digestive tract. These tumors can secrete hormones and are classified based on their location, including the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and rectum.

GI-NETs are relatively uncommon, making up around 2% of all gastrointestinal cancers. However, their incidence has risen in recent decades due to advancements in diagnostic methods and greater awareness. The prevalence is higher because many tumors are slow-growing, leading to longer survival times. GI-NETs are slightly more prevalent in women than men and typically manifest in the fifth or sixth decade of life.

The most prevalent locations for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) are the small intestine (39%), rectum (15%), appendix (7%), colon (5-7%), and stomach (2-4%). Small bowel GI-NETs are becoming more common and represent the most frequent primary malignancies in the small intestine.

There are several subtypes of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors based on the tumor's location and hormone production ability.

Gastric NETs can be classified into three groups. Type I is associated with chronic inflammation of the stomach lining and high levels of the hormone gastrin. Type II is linked to a syndrome called Zollinger-Ellison and a condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Type III are sporadic tumors not connected to high gastrin levels, and they tend to be more aggressive.

Small intestine NETs are most commonly found in the ileum, the final section of the small intestine. These tumors often go undetected until an advanced stage because their symptoms are nonspecific.

Pancreatic NETs can be divided into two categories. Functional pNETs produce hormones like insulin, gastrin, and glucagon. Non-functional pNETs do not secrete hormones and are usually discovered later on.

Finally, colorectal NETs typically originate in the rectum, with fewer cases arising in the colon. These tumors are generally small and often found unexpectedly during colonoscopy procedures.

Causes & Risk Factors

What is the primary issue of GI NETs?

Although the exact cause of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) remains unknown, several risk factors have been identified. Genetic syndromes like Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 and Neurofibromatosis type 1 can increase the risk of developing pNETs and duodenal/periampullary NETs, respectively. Additionally, chronic health conditions such as chronic atrophic gastritis and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have been linked to type I gastric NETs. At the same time, a positive family history of neuroendocrine tumors or other endocrine cancers may also elevate the risk of developing GI-NETs in general.

Clinical Manifestation & Symptoms

What signs should one anticipate while suspecting GI NETs?

The symptoms of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) can vary depending on the tumor's location and whether it produces hormones:

  • Gastric NETs often present with nonspecific symptoms like abdominal pain, anemia, or gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • Small intestine NETs (SI-NETs) may cause abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, or carcinoid syndrome (flushing, diarrhea, wheezing).
  • Pancreatic NETs (pNETs):
  • Functional pNETs produce hormones, leading to symptoms related to excess hormone secretion (e.g., hypoglycemia from insulinomas).
  • Non-functional pNETs typically cause abdominal pain, weight loss, or jaundice.
  • Colorectal NETs may result in rectal bleeding changes in bowel habits or be asymptomatic and found incidentally during medical exams.

Diagnostic Route

When, where, and how should the GI NETs be detected?

Diagnosing gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) typically involves a multi-pronged approach. Imaging tests like CT and MRI scans can help locate the primary tumor and check for any metastases. Endoscopic ultrasound is beneficial for evaluating pancreatic NETs. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy can also assist in staging the disease and identifying receptor-positive tumors.

In addition to imaging, biochemical tests play a crucial role. Measuring chromogranin A levels, a marker often elevated in NETs, can provide valuable diagnostic information. Depending on the patient's symptoms and suspected tumor type, specific hormone assays may also be ordered.

Moreover, a histopathological examination, typically through a biopsy, is essential to confirm the diagnosis and gather details about the tumor's grade and level of differentiation.

The grade of a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is determined by how abnormal the cancer cells and tissue appear under a microscope and how quickly the cancer cells are growing and spreading. A pathologist will analyze the tumor sample to assign a grade.

Generally, lower-grade NETs indicate a better prognosis, while higher-grade cancers tend to grow more quickly and require more intensive treatment.

The World Health Organization classifies NETs and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) based on factors like the amount of cancer present and the tumor's aggressiveness. Critical determinants of NET grade include the Ki-67 index and whether the tumor is well-differentiated or poorly differentiated.

Ki-67 is a protein that reflects cell division and proliferation. Higher levels of Ki-67 in tumor cells suggest they are dividing more rapidly. The Ki-67 index helps establish the tumor grade, indicating how fast the cancer grows.

Low-grade NETs, classified as grade 1 or 2, are well-differentiated tumors with a Ki-67 index below 20%. These are less aggressive cancers. In contrast, high-grade tumors with a Ki-67 over 20% are considered grade 3. Grade 3 NETs can be either well-differentiated or poorly differentiated, with the latter category (poorly differentiated NECs) growing faster, being more aggressive, and requiring different treatment approaches than lower-grade NETs.

Before receiving a GI NET diagnosis, patients see, on average, five healthcare providers during 12 visits. In addition, the median time from the first symptoms to the correct diagnosis of GI NETs is 4.3 years.

Treatment Approaches [ESMO, 2020]

What are the options for managing GI NETs?

Interestingly, around 72% of patients with NET have surgery, and 91% of patients with NET want a more comprehensive range of treatment options for ongoing management of their NETs.

Pancreatic NET location may be managed surgically via:

• Distal pancreatectomy: This procedure removes the body and tail of the pancreas. If the cancer has spread to the spleen, the spleen may also be taken out.

• Central pancreatectomy: This surgery removes the neck and part of the body of the pancreas but leaves the tail intact to help maintain the pancreas's functions.

• Enucleation: This involves removing just the tumor and may be done when the cancer is localized to one area of the pancreas.

• Pancreatoduodenectomy: Also known as the Whipple procedure, this complex surgery removes the head of the pancreas, gallbladder, nearby lymph nodes, part of the stomach and small intestine, and the bile duct. However, enough of the pancreas is left behind to continue producing digestive enzymes and insulin.

Another gastrointestinal tract NET removal tactic depends on the tumor location. It may include an appendectomy (appendix removal), a gastrectomy (partial or complete removal of the stomach), a small bowel resection, and a segmental colon resection (or hemicolectomy).

The surgical approach may destroy cancer cells by:

  1. cryosurgery with ultrasound guidance (involves the use of an instrument to freeze and destroy NET tissue);

  2. endoscopic resection (the removal of a small tumor from the inner lining of the GI tract, accessed through the mouth and passed down the esophagus to the stomach and sometimes the duodenum).

Different therapies or drugs are used to slow or stop the growth of neuroendocrine cancer cells. Close to half of patients who have a NET report using drug therapies other than chemotherapy, including somatostatin analogs, with a response rate of 50-70% (octreotide, lanreotide). Fewer patients (about 1 in 5) reported being treated with chemotherapy (capecitabine, cisplatin, etoposide) and targeted therapy (sunitinib for advanced pNETs, everolimus, and Lu-177 DOTATATE).

Prognosis & Follow-up

How does cutting-edge science improve the lifespan and quality of life for those with GI NETs?

The prognosis for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) largely depends on the type and stage of the disease. For localized, early-stage, well-differentiated tumors, the 5-year survival rate is around 90%, indicating a favorable prognosis. However, as the cancer spreads regionally, the 5-year survival rate drops to approximately 60-70%. Unfortunately, in cases with distant metastatic disease, the 5-year survival rate falls to around 30%, reflecting the more advanced and aggressive nature of the cancer.

Regular follow-up is crucial for effectively managing gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs). In the initial phase, patients should undergo check-ups every 3 to 6 months, involving physical examinations, monitoring of biochemical markers, and various imaging tests. As the patient progresses through treatment and the disease stabilizes, these follow-up visits can be reduced to every 6 to 12 months, typically after the first 2 to 3 years. The specific schedule may be adjusted based on the individual's disease progression and overall condition.

  • Isabella Gonzalez, M.D.
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