Acute congestive heart failure treatment in 134 Cardiac surgery clinics in Americas

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134 clinics specializing in Cardiac surgery providing treatment of Acute congestive heart failure Acute congestive heart failure refers to the sudden onset of heart failure symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fluid retention, and fatigue. It requires urgent medical attention to manage the underlying cause and restore heart function.
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disease in Americas.

Argentina · 11
Brazil · 35
Canada · 7
Chile · 4
Colombia · 23
Ecuador · 4
Mexico · 29
Nicaragua · 1
Peru · 2
You can select a specific country
Argentina · 11 Brazil · 35 Canada · 7 Chile · 4 Colombia · 23 Costa Rica · 3 Ecuador · 4 Mexico · 29 Nicaragua · 1 Peru · 2 United States · 15
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Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
    by request
  2. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $985
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,376
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,548
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $8,635
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $9,127
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $9,327
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $8,353
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $17,594
photo
São Paulo, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
n 1962, Sabará Hospital Infantil was founded by a group of pediatricians from the best medical schools in São Paulo. The medical credibility of those read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,841
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,535
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,788
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $12,495
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $12,285
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $16,631
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $29,250
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,998
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $33,679
photo
Medellín, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Medellín Clinic Medellín Clinic is an institution which provides high-complexity health services, with 2 sites in the city of Medellín, Colombia. Its service portfolio includes read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $9,450
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $14,310
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $35,471
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $131,250
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $95,949
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $93,903
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $143,850
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $36,750
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $92,400
photo
Chicago, United States
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Rush University Medical Center is an academic medical center that includes a 671-bed hospital serving adults and children, the 61-bed Johnston R. Bowman Health Center read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $985
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,376
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,548
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $8,543
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $8,635
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $9,127
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $9,327
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $8,353
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $17,594
photo
Curitiba, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Hospital Marcelino Champagnat was born with the commitment to provide complete care to its patients, with high quality and safety medical principles. For this reason, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
    by request
  2. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $2,042
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $2,022
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $17,315
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $24,748
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $21,567
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $23,803
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $18,103
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $32,430
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Hospital Universitario Austral is a nonprofit organization known for its medical and nursing specialization, the quality of care, its highly specialized tertiary care, its infrastructure read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $2,042
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $2,022
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $17,315
  4. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $24,748
  5. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $21,567
  6. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $23,803
  7. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $18,103
  8. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $32,430
  9. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $16,691
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
In the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, the German Hospital stands as a Health Center recognized for its prestige and its history, remaining at the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    $1,745 - $2,325
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $14,310
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $35,471
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    $194,555 - $259,405
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $95,949
  6. Heart valve repair
    $174,330 - $232,435
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $143,850
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $36,750
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    $121,290 - $161,720
photo
Phoenix, United States
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Mayo Clinic in Arizona builds on our tradition of safe, innovative, integrated care. On two main campuses in Scottsdale and Phoenix, you'll receive world-class, safely read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,841
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,535
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,788
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $12,495
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $12,285
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $16,631
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $29,250
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,998
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $33,679
photo
Medellín, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Hospital started wokring in 1970 and throughout this time it has gradually developed based on the possibilities of having high read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $985
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,376
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,548
  4. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $3,669
  5. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $4,207
  6. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $5,229
  7. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $979
  8. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $3,854
  9. Single chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,055
photo
Nova Lima, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Pioneering, excellence in service and humanism. These are the foundations of Hospital Vila da Serra , inaugurated in 1999 by a group of doctors from read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,841
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,535
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $12,495
  4. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $12,285
  5. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $16,631
  6. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $29,250
  7. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,998
  8. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $33,679
  9. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $13,334
photo
Bogota, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
The Marly Clinic began its activities at the beginning of 1903 with Dr. Carlos Esguerra as Director. The Marly Clinic is today the oldest and read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,841
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,535
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,788
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $12,495
  5. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $13,334
  6. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $7,356
  7. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    ≈ $16,203
  8. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $10,137
  9. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $7,286
photo
Barranquilla, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
We are an institution that provides private health services of a third level of care. We are known for providing relevant, safe, timely and warm read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,841
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,535
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $12,495
  4. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $12,285
  5. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $16,631
  6. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $29,250
  7. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,998
  8. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $33,679
  9. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $13,334
photo
Bogota, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Clínica Universitaria Colombia, inaugurated on June 29, 2006, is a High Complexity Institution that is part of Clínica Colsanitas and that provides outpatient and hospital read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $2,350
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $2,609
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $7,543
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $24,150
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $3,073
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $22,294
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $24,077
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $19,662
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $35,703
photo
Puebla, Mexico
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,841
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,535
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,788
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $12,495
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $12,285
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $16,631
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $29,250
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,998
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $33,679
photo
Neiva, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Clínica UROS SA is a private company that provides Health Services to the Surcolombian community of Medium and High complexity, at levels (3) and (4), read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $2,350
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $2,609
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $7,543
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $24,150
  5. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $18,071
  6. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $7,647
  7. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    ≈ $14,481
  8. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $9,557
  9. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $10,009
photo
Mexico City, Mexico
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Spanish; Castilian
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    by request
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    by request
  3. Single chamber pacemaker insertion
    by request
  4. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    by request
  5. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    by request
  6. Catheter cardiac ablation
    by request
  7. Catheter cryoablation
    by request
  8. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    by request
  9. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation in children
    by request
photo
Guayaquil, Ecuador
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
The Alcívar Hospital was founded on Thursday, November 25, 1937. It was originally called the Alcívar-Esteves Clinic, as it was directed by Dr. Eduardo Alcívar read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $2,350
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $2,609
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $7,543
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $24,150
  5. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $18,071
  6. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $7,647
  7. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    ≈ $14,481
  8. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $9,557
  9. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $10,009
photo
Aguascalientes, Mexico
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
Hospital Cardiológica Aguascalientes emerged as a cardiology clinic in 1986, for the diagnosis and non-invasive treatment of patients with heart conditions. Our location in read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,841
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,535
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,788
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $12,495
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $12,285
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $16,631
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $29,250
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,998
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $33,679
photo
Envigado, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Oncology
The ESE Hospital Manuel Uribe Ángel is an institution that provides low, medium and high complexity health services located in the municipality of Envigado, Antioquia, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,841
  2. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,535
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,788
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $12,495
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $12,285
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $16,631
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $29,250
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,998
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $33,679
photo
Bogota, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Méderi is a University Hospital that has an agreement with the Universidad del Rosario and other university institutions in the country, for which it bases read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
    by request
  2. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $9,450
  3. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $14,310
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $131,250
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $95,949
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $93,903
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $143,850
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $36,750
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $92,400
photo
Durham, United States
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Gujarati, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Lao, Russian, Vietnamese, Khmer, Spanish; Castilian
Duke University Hospital is consistently rated as one of the best hospitals in the United States and is known around the world for its outstanding read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — New Brunswick Heart Centre in Saint John, Canada, clinic with the most reviews number of 4938 — Hospital São Camilo Pompeia in São Paulo, Brazil.

With rating 4.0 and over — 50 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Acute congestive heart failure:

Related procedures:

Procedures are likely to be used for Acute congestive heart failure treatment: Cardiac catheterization, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure .

Acute heart failure – what is this?

Clinical picture of AHF

Acute heart failure is a condition in which the symptoms of a malfunctioning heart quickly appear or worsen (the heart ceases to properly perform its primary function of pumping blood around the body), and the patient needs urgent medical attention.

Below we will analyze in detail the clinical picture of the disease, its classification, and also briefly discuss the causes of this pathology.

This condition can occur both in asymptomatic patients and in people who already have chronic heart failure (CHF).

The origin of the disease

The causes of acute heart failure can be a number of pathological conditions, namely:

  1. The so-called acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This condition, as well as coronary heart disease, are very important in the context of the analysis of clinical signs of acute heart failure.
  2. Hypertensive crisis (excessive increase in blood pressure).
  3. Arrhythmias (with increased heart rate and conduction disturbances) causing severe bradycardia.
  4. Pulmonary embolism (PE).
  5. Dissection of the aorta.
  6. Cardiac tamponade (accumulation of fluid around the heart that prevents normal contraction).
  7. Various types of cardiomyopathy (mechanical or electrical dysfunction of the heart).
  8. Complications of surgical interventions.
  9. Tense pneumothorax (accumulation of air in the pleural cavity).
  10. Exacerbation of chronic heart failure.
  11. Infections, including infective endocarditis and myocarditis (damage to the inner layer of the heart - endocardium - and heart muscle - myocardium).
  12. Metabolic and hormonal disorders (eg, thyroid disease, adrenal tumor).
  13. Pulmonary hypertension, etc.

Often the acronym CHAMP is used to reproduce the root causes of acute heart failure:

  • C (acute Coronary syndrome) - acute coronary syndrome;
  • H (Hypertension emergency) - hypertensive crisis;
  • A (Arrhythmia) - tachyarrhythmia (for example, ventricular flutter) or bradycardia (decreased heart rate);
  • M (acute Mechanical cause) - an acute mechanical cause (for example, trauma);
  • P (Pulmonary embolism) - pulmonary embolism.

The most common cause, especially in the elderly, is coronary artery disease. In young people, dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, congenital and acquired heart defects, myocarditis predominate.

Clinical course of acute heart failure

The symptoms of this pathology can be divided into two groups, depending on which ventricle is affected.

  1. Stagnation in the systemic circulation (right ventricular failure) is manifested by the following symptoms:
    • peripheral edema - swelling of the sacrum, ankle joint;
    • enlargement of the jugular veins;
    • soreness in the epigastrium due to enlargement of the liver;
    • in more severe cases - the accumulation of fluid in the serous cavities (pleura, peritoneum, pericardium), as well as anasarca - an extreme degree of edema syndrome, more characteristic of chronic heart failure. With it, generalized edema, fluid retention in the body, and lack of urination are observed.
  2. Stagnation of blood in the pulmonary circulation, which is also called left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema. Symptoms of left ventricular failure include manifestations of the respiratory system, namely:
    • rapid breathing and shortness of breath, which can also be in a sitting position;
    • wheezing over the pulmonary fields.

Separately, symptoms are distinguished with a decrease in cardiac output (peripheral hypoperfusion). They occur less frequently than manifestations of stagnation. Among them are:

  • easy fatigue and weakness;
  • confusion of consciousness, drowsiness;
  • pale, cool, moist, and sometimes bluish skin;
  • threadlike pulse;
  • decrease in pressure and urine volume.

The patient will also show symptoms of the underlying disease causing the AHF. For example, with a myocardial infarction, the patient will complain of severe chest pain, a feeling of fear of death, he may have loss of consciousness, lack of breathing and blood circulation.

European classification of acute heart failure

Experts from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommend that patients be classified according to what are known as hemodynamic profiles. First, the doctor must determine the presence or absence of stagnation in the systemic circulation. Conclusions are drawn primarily from a physical examination (sometimes supplemented by laboratory tests). As a result, the patient can be "warm and wet", "warm and dry", "cold and wet", "cold and dry". Depending on the person's hemodynamic profile, the doctor will prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Options for the course of acute heart failure

The disease can proceed as:

  1. Exacerbation or decompensation of chronic heart failure - symptoms of blood stagnation in the systemic and pulmonary circulation.
  2. Pulmonary edema.
  3. AHF with high blood pressure. With this type, the doctor can detect signs of both heart failure and hypertension, but the contractile functions of the left ventricle will be preserved. Increased heart rate and spasm of blood vessels are also common. The patient may be in a state of normal fluid balance in the body or mild overhydration, often with signs of pulmonary edema without signs of cardiovascular insufficiency in the systemic circulation.
  4. Cardiogenic shock. In this case, the patient is found to have insufficient blood supply to the body tissues (hypoperfusion), while the systolic blood pressure is less than 90 mm Hg. Anuria or oliguria, cardiac arrhythmias are also observed, pulmonary edema, as well as other tissues and organs, rapidly develops.
  5. Isolated right-sided acute heart failure, the symptoms of which do not include pulmonary edema, but this disease may include increased pressure in the veins of the neck and an enlarged liver.
  6. AHF due to the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome, which most often occurs in heart failure in conjunction with arterial hypertension.

Killip and Kimball classification of acute heart failure

This classification is widely used in clinical practice to determine the severity of the pathology and the prognosis for the patient. It was developed for AHF during a recent myocardial infarction. The classification is based on clinical symptoms and changes on chest x-ray and contains four stages of AHF.

Stage 1 - no heart failure: there are no clinical signs of cardiac decompensation.

Stage 2 - heart failure: stagnation of blood in the lungs, manifested by moist wheezing, mainly in the lower pulmonary fields.

Stage 3 - severe heart failure: pulmonary edema or wheezing throughout the pulmonary fields.

Stage 4 - cardiogenic shock: hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg) and features of peripheral hypoperfusion: oliguria (decrease in the volume of daily urine), cyanosis (cyanosis of the skin) and profuse sweating.

Diagnosis of the disease

In most cases, after examining the patient, the doctor may suspect the presence of acute heart failure. Additional diagnostic tests are used to identify causes and complications, and to differentiate AHF.

The following laboratory tests can be performed:

  • general and biochemical blood tests (including determination of the level of creatinine, urea, liver enzymes and glucose);
  • gasometry (determination of oxygen and carbon dioxide content in blood);
  • determination of the level of troponin, natriuretic peptides, D-dimer, sodium and potassium.

Instrumental studies include conducting:

  • ECG: there may be rhythm and / or conduction disturbances;
  • chest x-ray: venous congestion in the pulmonary circulation, pulmonary edema, an increase in the shadow of the heart are often found;
  • echocardiography: almost always performed in patients with cardiogenic shock if complications of myocardial infarction or aortic dissection are suspected.

With ACS, coronary angiography is used to assess the state of the vessels of the heart.

Disease prognosis

Further patient management and complications of this pathology depend on the cause of AHF and the results of treatment.

Factors that worsen the prognosis are:

  • increasing the concentration of brain natriuretic protein and natriuretic peptide type B in the blood;
  • if the patient has renal failure;
  • increased levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, etc.);
  • low blood pressure and insufficient sodium in the blood.

Summary

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a pathology in which rapidly worsening or emerging symptoms of heart failure occur (congestion in the pulmonary and / or systemic circulation, decreased cardiac output, cardiogenic shock). Most often, AHF occurs as an exacerbation of chronic forms or a complication of ACS.

There are four types of hemodynamic profiles for this disease, which helps the doctor to choose the right treatment tactics.

References:

  1. Ponikowski, Piotr et al. “2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.” European journal of heart failure vol. 18,8 (2016): 891-975. doi:10.1002/ejhf.592.
  2. Harrison`s Principles of Internal Medicine 19/E (Vol.1). Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauseret all. McGraw-HillEducation 2015 ISBN: 0071802134 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780071802130.
  3. Interna szczeklika - duży podręcznik. Medycyna praktyczna. 2021. ISBN 9788374306522.