Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment in 752 Oncology clinics worldwide

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752 clinics specializing in Oncology providing treatment of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer where abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in the blood and bone marrow. It can cause fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and may require chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or stem cell transplantation for treatment.
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disease worldwide.

Africa · 11
Americas · 165
Asia · 231
Europe · 311
Oceania · 34
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Africa · 11 Americas · 165 Asia · 231 Europe · 311 Oceania · 34
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Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Splenectomy
    ≈ $16,825
  2. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
    by request
  3. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  4. Gamma Knife
    $16,633
  5. Hemicolectomy
    $27,575
  6. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $19,845
  7. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $17,098
  8. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $12,468
  9. Conization
    $3,720
photo
Seoul, South Korea
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology, Dentistry
The hospital is fully devoted to elevating its medical service quality by introducing state-of-the-art equipment and systems such as Robot surgery, Linear Accelerator, 3.0T MRI, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Splenectomy
    $1,413
  2. Hemicolectomy
    $2,911
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    $3,346
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $604
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    $1,208
  6. Conization
    $181 - $229
  7. Open hysterectomy
    $1,329
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    $1,220 - $1,945
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $453
photo
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology, Dentistry
Languages: English, Russian
At the Almaty SEMA Hospital Clinic, you can get a full range of medical services provided by our leading specialists. Whether you need a small read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood)
    by request
  2. Hematopoietic stem cell harvest
    by request
  3. Splenectomy
    ≈ $2,021
  4. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  5. Cord blood stem cell transplantation
    by request
  6. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $3,291
  7. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,156
  8. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $662
  9. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $2,137
photo
Lajeado, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Bruno Born Hospital is a philanthropic institution, with more than 80 years. It is registered with the National, State and Municipal Councils of Social Assistance read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood)
    by request
  2. Hematopoietic stem cell harvest
    by request
  3. Splenectomy
    ≈ $2,021
  4. Autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  5. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  6. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  7. Cord blood stem cell transplantation
    by request
  8. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $3,291
  9. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,156
photo
São Paulo, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ Hospital São Camilo Pompeia has followed, over the years, the growth of the population and the scientific and technological advances aimed at medical and read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood)
    by request
  2. Hematopoietic stem cell harvest
    by request
  3. Splenectomy
    ≈ $2,021
  4. Autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  5. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  6. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  7. Cord blood stem cell transplantation
    by request
  8. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $3,291
  9. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,156
photo
São Paulo, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Integrated into the São Camilo de São Paulo Hospitals Network in March 1979, the Santana Unit has an agile and modern structure implemented to offer read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  2. Childhood vascular tumor treatment
    ≈ $471
  3. Thoracoplasty including sternoplasty
    ≈ $2,672
  4. Diagnostic thoracoscopy
    ≈ $1,129
  5. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
    ≈ $2,804
  6. Repair of diaphragmatic hernia
    ≈ $2,641
  7. Laminectomy
    ≈ $3,446
  8. Peripheral artery angioplasty and stent placement
    ≈ $2,794
  9. Abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)
    ≈ $9,057
photo
São Paulo, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
A member of the Network since 2000, Hospital São Camilo Ipiranga has an emergency room for patients aged 12 years and over, an Intensive Care read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood)
    by request
  2. Hematopoietic stem cell harvest
    by request
  3. Splenectomy
    ≈ $2,021
  4. Autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  5. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  6. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
    by request
  7. Total body irradiation (TBI)
    by request
  8. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  9. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
photo
São Paulo, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Founded in 1968, the Mooca unit is known for being a highly complex Oncological Treatment Center and for having a renowned Clinical Research Center. In read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  2. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  3. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  4. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $3,291
  5. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,156
  6. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $662
  7. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $2,137
  8. Conization
    ≈ $684
  9. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $2,007
photo
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Quinta D'Or Hospital opened in September 2001 and is located opposite Quinta da Boa Vista, in Rio de Janeiro. It emerged from the renovation read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
    by request
  2. Targeted therapy
    by request
  3. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  4. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  5. Chemotherapy for melanoma
    by request
  6. Chemotherapy for endometrial cancer
    by request
  7. Chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer
    by request
  8. Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer
    by request
  9. Chemotherapy for bone cancer
    by request
photo
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Specializations: Oncology
Founded in 1999, Oncocentro was born with the purpose of offering an integral, welcoming and interdisciplinary service. Over the years, it has become a reference read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  2. Parotidectomy
    ≈ $1,312
  3. Cervical lymphadenectomy
    ≈ $1,984
  4. Total glossectomy
    ≈ $1,739
  5. Oral cancer surgery
    ≈ $3,589
  6. Hemiglossectomy
    ≈ $1,313
  7. Submandibular gland resection
    ≈ $941
  8. Lip resection
    ≈ $1,250
  9. Floor of mouth cancer resection
    ≈ $766
photo
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Lifecenter Hospital stands out among the most sophisticated and renowned health institutions in Minas Gerais. Its activities cover urgent and emergency medical care, surgeries, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood)
    by request
  2. Hematopoietic stem cell harvest
    by request
  3. Splenectomy
    ≈ $2,021
  4. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
    by request
  5. Targeted therapy
    by request
  6. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  7. Monoclonal antibodies therapy (mAbs)
    by request
  8. Cord blood stem cell transplantation
    by request
  9. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $3,291
photo
Salvador, Brazil
Specializations: Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Oncology
Founded 30 years ago, the Oncology Nucleus of Bahia (NOB) joined the Oncoclínicas Group in 2014. The clinic offers comprehensive and individualized care to cancer read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood)
    by request
  2. Hematopoietic stem cell harvest
    by request
  3. Splenectomy
    ≈ $5,302
  4. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  5. Cord blood stem cell transplantation
    by request
  6. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $9,868
  7. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $10,174
  8. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $8,687
  9. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $4,268
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
We invite you to visit one of the largest health institutions in the country… A sanatorium with history, but looking to the future. The Doctor read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood)
    by request
  2. Hematopoietic stem cell harvest
    by request
  3. Splenectomy
    ≈ $5,302
  4. Autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  5. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  6. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  7. Cord blood stem cell transplantation
    by request
  8. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $8,687
  9. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $4,268
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The British Hospital of Buenos Aires is a non-profit civil association that aims to provide the community with highly complex health care, train medical professionals read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  2. Hemicolectomy
    ≈ $3,291
  3. Rectum anterior resection
    ≈ $3,156
  4. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $662
  5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $2,137
  6. Conization
    ≈ $684
  7. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $2,007
  8. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $4,528
  9. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $412
photo
Serra, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Founded in 2001, Vitória Apart Hospital is a center of excellence in high complexity medicine in Espírito Santo, prepared to take care of people's health read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood)
    by request
  2. Hematopoietic stem cell harvest
    by request
  3. Splenectomy
    ≈ $5,302
  4. Autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  5. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  6. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  7. Cord blood stem cell transplantation
    by request
  8. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $8,687
  9. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $4,268
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín is the flagship teaching hospital in our country. Dependent on the University of Buenos Aires, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  2. Childhood vascular tumor treatment
    ≈ $736
  3. Orbital tumor temoval
    ≈ $17,507
  4. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $7,090
  5. Arteriovenous (AV) fistula surgery
    ≈ $2,082
  6. Endovascular thrombectomy
    ≈ $3,688
  7. Brain tumors surgery
    ≈ $10,256
  8. Hip osteotomy
    ≈ $4,665
  9. Arthroscopic meniscus repair
    ≈ $2,320
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital is a highly complex, tertiary, reference hospital for the entire country and neighboring countries. Since its creation, in 1875, it read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  2. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
    by request
  3. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  4. Childhood vascular tumor treatment
    ≈ $736
  5. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $18,185
  6. Laminectomy
    ≈ $8,485
  7. Peripheral artery angioplasty and stent placement
    ≈ $5,524
  8. Arteriovenous (AV) fistula surgery
    ≈ $2,082
  9. Endovascular thrombectomy
    ≈ $3,688
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Hospital "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" is the pediatric center of reference in public health, free and highly complex in Argentina. Since its inauguration, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  2. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $25,982
  3. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $22,440
  4. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $25,260
  5. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $19,335
  6. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $34,439
  7. Varicose veins treatment
    ≈ $4,587
  8. Brain aneurysm repair
    ≈ $11,971
  9. Brain aneurysm clipping
    ≈ $11,766
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
On July 24, 1896, the Pirovano Hospital (which was to be called Belgrano Hospital) opened its doors to ensure the assistance of an original population read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Stem cell transplant (peripheral blood)
    by request
  2. Hematopoietic stem cell harvest
    by request
  3. Splenectomy
    ≈ $5,302
  4. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  5. Cord blood stem cell transplantation
    by request
  6. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $8,687
  7. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $4,268
  8. Conization
    ≈ $1,992
  9. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $3,654
photo
Rosario, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
More than 100 years ago, on June 24, 1912, the Spanish Hospital was inaugurated in Rosario, driven by the demand for health care from Spanish read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Chemotherapy for leukemia
    by request
  2. Radical prostatectomy
    ≈ $8,687
  3. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
    ≈ $4,268
  4. Conization
    ≈ $1,992
  5. Open hysterectomy
    ≈ $3,654
  6. Radical nephrectomy
    ≈ $9,527
  7. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
    ≈ $1,079
  8. Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH)
    ≈ $4,327
  9. Parotidectomy
    ≈ $2,817
photo
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Pueyrredon Private Clinic was born in response to the need of Mar del Plata doctors who worked at that time as professionals in mutual read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — Berkana clinic in Moscow, Russia and 3 more, clinic with the most reviews number of 35757 — Aster CMI hospital in Bengaluru, India.

With rating 4.0 and over — 249 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL):

Related procedures:

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Diagnostic and Treatment Management

Introduction & Classification of Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow and is characterized by the overproduction of abnormal lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.

CLL is the most common form of leukemia in adults, primarily affecting older individuals with a median age of diagnosis around 70 years. It is more common in men than women, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 1.7:1. In the United States, it is estimated that there will be about 21,250 new cases of CLL and about 4,320 deaths from the disease in 2024 [seer.cancer.gov].

CLL is classified based on the characteristics of the lymphocytes and the genetic mutations they harbor [D'Arena et al., 2024]. The main subtypes include:

  • Typical CLL is the most common form and typically progresses slowly. Typical CCL patients with mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) genes generally have a better prognosis.
  • Atypical CLL may have more aggressive clinical behavior and distinct cellular morphology, such as CD38 cellular surface protein positivity and unmutated IGHV.
  • Prolymphocytic Leukemia (PLL) is an aggressive form of CLL characterized by a higher number of prolymphocytes >55% in the blood and often requires more intensive treatment than typical CLL.

Stages of CLL

There are two basic staging systems for CLL – Rai and Binet; and one prognostic system for meta-staging called the CLL International Prognostic Index (CLL-IPI), released in 2016 [lls.org].

The Rai staging system monitors the range of abnormal increases in lymphocyte numbers as a primary risk assessment criteria:

  • Low Risk (Stage 0): Abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood and marrow
  • Intermediate Risk (Stage I & II):
  • Abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood and the marrow PLUS enlarged lymph nodes
  • OR Abnormal increase in lymphocytes in the circulating blood and the marrow PLUS Enlarged spleen and/or liver.
  • High Risk (Stages III & IV):
  • Abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood and the marrow PLUS anemia (hemoglobin <11g/dL)
  • OR Abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood and the marrow PLUS thrombocytopenia (platelet counts <100,000/uL).

On the other hand, the Binet Staging System registers positive or negative changes in the level of red blood cells (hemoglobin count) and platelets:

  • Stage A: no anemia (hemoglobin ≥10g/dL), no thrombocytopenia (platelets ≥100,000/mm<sup>3</sup>), and less than three areas of lymphoid tissue enlargement.
  • Stage B: no anemia (hemoglobin ≥10g/dL), no thrombocytopenia (platelets ≥100,000/mm<sup>3</sup>), and three or more areas of lymphoid tissue enlargement.
  • Stage C: anemia (hemoglobin <10g/dL), thrombocytopenia (platelets <100,000/mm<sup>3</sup>), any number of areas of lymphoid tissue enlargement

Meanwhile, the CLL-IPI combines five independent prognostic factors:

  • TP53 gene deleted or mutated = 4 points
  • Unmutated IGHV = 2 points
  • Serum beta-2 microglobulin concentration > 3.5 mg/L = 2 points
  • Rai Stage I - V or Binet Stage B - C = 1 point
  • Patient age > 65 years = 1 point

According to CLL-IPI "low risk" category is 0-1 point (do not treat recommendations), "intermediate risk" is 2-3 points (do not treat unless the disease is highly symptomatic), "high risk" - 4-6 points (treat unless the patient is asymptomatic), "very high risk" – 7-10 (use novel agents rather than chemotherapy).

Algorithm of Diagnosis

What evaluations do CLL patients undergo to identify the best treatment strategy?

The diagnosis of CLL is established by immunophenotyping of peripheral blood – detecting the presence of ≥5 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l monoclonal B lymphocytes with the clonality of the cells confirmed by demonstrating light chain restriction using flow cytometry. LN biopsy and/or bone marrow biopsy may be helpful if immunophenotyping is not conclusive for the diagnosis [ESMO, 2021].

The following diagnostic work-up serves as a tool for the precise staging of CLL and includes:

  • Cytogenetics (FISH) and molecular genetics for TP53 mutation or del(17p);
  • GHV mutational status;
  • Complete blood count and differential;
  • Physical examination.

Phases of Treatment

How is CLL treatment structured?

Watchful Waiting

For patients with early-stage CLL (Rai stage 0, I, or Binet stage A) who are asymptomatic, immediate treatment may not be necessary. Instead, a watchful waiting approach is often adopted, regularly monitoring blood counts and clinical status. Additionally, imaging methods, such as CT scans and MRI, can be used for symptomatic pulmonary / pelvic / neck patients.

First-Line Treatment

What are the initial treatments for CLL?

For CLL at advanced Rai stage II-IV or Binet stage B-C, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) such as ibrutinib are used until the progression of the disease. In addition, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) have recently approved the combination of venetoclax plus obinutuzumab as first-line therapy for CLL with TP53 gene or del(17p) mutations [ESMO, 2021].

Second-Line Treatment

What options are available if initial treatments fail?

For patients whose disease progresses after first-line therapy, second-line treatments are available:

  1. Targeted Therapy: Continued use of BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib) or switching to venetoclax-based regimens.
  2. Immunotherapy:
    • CAR-T Cell Therapy: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy, where a patient's T-cells are modified to target CLL cells.
    • Alemtuzumab: An anti-CD52 antibody for patients with heavily pretreated CLL.
  3. Stem Cell Transplantation: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation may be considered for younger patients with high-risk disease or those with refractory CLL.

Prognosis and Survival Rates

What are the survival rates and factors affecting prognosis?

Generally, from all people with CLL, around 85% of individuals will survive their CLL for five years or more after being diagnosed. This applies to all ages. However, age does seem to play a role in five-year survival outcomes:

  • for those younger than 60 - 95% will survive;
  • for those aged between 60 and 69 – 90%;
  • for those aged between the ages of 70 and79 – more than 80%;
  • for those who are 80 or older – around 65%.

Additionally, there is a statistics published by Cancer Research UK on five-year survival rates connected to the Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia International Prognostic Index (CLL-IPI):

  • Low-risk group – 95% of patients will survive;
  • Intermediate risk group – 80%;
  • High-risk group – 65%;
  • Very high-risk group – 25.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

How do you ensure continued health after treatment?

During follow-up strategy in patients with CLL in remission, according to the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), there are CBC, physical examination, and serum chemistry (including serum immunoglobulin and direct antiglobulin test) every three to twelve months in asymptomatic patients [ESMO, 2021].

  • Alejandro Santos, M.D.
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