Mitral valve stenosis treatment in 580 Cardiac surgery clinics worldwide

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580 clinics specializing in Cardiac surgery providing treatment of Mitral valve stenosis Mitral valve stenosis is a heart condition where the mitral valve becomes narrowed, impeding blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain.
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disease worldwide.

Africa · 6
Americas · 137
Asia · 211
Europe · 201
Oceania · 25
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Africa · 6 Americas · 137 Asia · 211 Europe · 201 Oceania · 25
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Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $104,572
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $69,182
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $57,519
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $45,996
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $18,494
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $53,681
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $58,824
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $58,363
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $67,274
photo
London, United Kingdom
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Thoracic surgery, Oncology
Newsweek ranks Mayo Clinic in the United States as the best hospital in the world. U.S. News & World Report has ranked it No. 1 read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $25,596
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $28,714
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $17,015
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $9,661
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $7,260
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $6,752
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $6,252
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $11,432
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $12,471
photo
Bratislava, Slovakia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
The National Institute of Heart and Vascular Diseases is one of the most modern and best-equipped Slovak hospitals, the top institution of cardiovascular medicine in read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $24,456
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $19,844
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $16,212
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $11,970
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $12,562
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $7,585
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $7,646
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $1,908
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $8,553
photo
Budapest, Hungary
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
The task of the György Gottsegen National Cardiovascular Institute is the complex cardiovascular examination and non-invasive, invasive therapy of the entire spectrum of cardiovascular diseases read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $17,421
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $12,818
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $11,652
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $10,807
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $4,698
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $7,531
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $2,086
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,420
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $7,877
photo
Mumbai, India
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
Asian Heart Institute (AHI), India's No. 1 Heart Care Hospital, has been set up with an aim to provide world-class cardiac care in India. In read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $104,572
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $69,182
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $57,519
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $45,996
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    $18,494
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $53,681
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $58,824
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $58,363
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $67,274
photo
Plymouth, United Kingdom
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
Peninsula Heart Clinic is a brand new, pioneering, state-of-the-art cardiology centre located alongside the South West Regional Cardiothoracic Centre at Derriford hospital in Plymouth. Peninsula read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $117,671
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $107,952
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $87,303
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $24,495
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $31,257
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $46,225
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $43,660
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $37,069
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $39,476
photo
Petaẖ Tiqwa, Israel
Specializations: Cardiac surgery
Languages: English, Russian
​Rabin Medical Center (RMC), comprised of both Beilinson and Hasharon Hospitals, is one of the most prominent and largest medical facilities in Israel. read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $15,795
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $13,418
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $6,752
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $6,217
  5. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $5,970
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $5,815
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $6,229
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $5,629
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $16,587
photo
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
Languages: English, Kazakh, Russian
Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Cardiology was organized in November 1977. according to the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $35,648
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $31,062
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $36,314
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $38,044
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $24,086
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $34,656
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $28,456
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $16,495
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $42,491
photo
Ottawa, Canada
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
Languages: English, French
The University of Ottawa Heart Institute has flourished into one of Canada’s most distinguished heart health centres for the unparalleled care it provides to its read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $35,648
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $31,062
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $36,314
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $38,044
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $24,086
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $34,656
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $28,456
  8. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $42,491
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $46,304
photo
Saint John, Canada
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
Languages: English, French
As New Brunswick’s only tertiary cardiac care centre, we provide close to a million Atlantic Canadians with the treatments they need and the care they read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $8,021
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $9,567
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $5,494
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $3,207
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $1,975
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $4,433
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $4,226
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $4,834
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $4,022
photo
Kyiv, Ukraine
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
The Heart Institute is the flagship of Ukrainian cardiology and cardiac surgery, equipped with the latest technology, where the most experienced doctors daily fight for read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    $9,105 - $10,385
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $8,508
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $6,781
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $4,987
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $3,460
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    $8,400 - $8,985
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $6,130
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $7,445
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    $9,105 - $10,385
photo
Minsk, Belarus
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
State Institution "Republican Scientific and Practical Center" Cardiology "is the leading scientific, medical, organizational, methodological and educational institution. The center provides a full range of read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $96,931
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $66,662
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $61,726
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $60,194
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $22,424
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $77,730
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $60,451
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $54,600
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $145,458
photo
Berlin, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Russian, Spanish; Castilian
Helping people with heart disease by providing the best possible medical care using the very latest technology – that’s the mission of the medical and read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $96,931
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $66,662
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $61,726
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $60,194
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $34,196
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $23,314
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $41,715
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $22,424
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $48,180
photo
Munich, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
The German Heart Center Munich - clinic at the Technical University of Munich - is a specialist hospital for heart and circulatory diseases. For over read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $65,283
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $51,456
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $46,657
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $55,835
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $17,051
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $46,481
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $57,513
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $43,138
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $68,684
photo
Okayama, Japan
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
Languages: English, Japanese
The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama is one of the most prestigious cardiovascular institutes in Japan, and was established in 1932 by Dr Toru Sakakibara. read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $96,931
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $66,662
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $61,726
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $60,194
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $22,424
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $48,180
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $77,730
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $60,451
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $54,600
photo
Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
The Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, more than 7,000 catheter-based measures are performed each year. The cardiological outpatient clinic treats 5,300 patients annually. The read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $43,784
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $40,966
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $35,175
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $32,816
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $47,322
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $13,988
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $19,518
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $11,198
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $38,374
photo
Saint-Denis, France
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
The CCN is a medico-surgical establishment specializing in the management of cardiovascular pathologies. With its team of specialists and the use of innovative techniques, the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    by request
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    by request
  3. Double valve replacement
    by request
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    by request
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    by request
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    by request
  7. Open commissurotomy
    by request
  8. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation (ICD)
    by request
  9. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
    by request
photo
Lima, Peru
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
The National Cardiovascular Institute "Carlos Alberto Peschiera Carrillo" - INCOR is a specialized reference center of EsSalud, with management autonomy, belonging to level III - read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $22,109
  2. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $8,704
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $7,018
  4. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $7,650
  5. Single chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $8,269
  6. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P)
    ≈ $10,745
  7. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D)
    ≈ $21,654
  8. Removal of permanent pacemaker
    ≈ $5,138
  9. Pacemaker replacement
    ≈ $3,678
photo
Bogota, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Orthopedic surgery
The Center for Orthopedics and Traumatology was created on September 1, 2000, projecting itself and being recognized since then as an agile and cutting-edge institution, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $29,353
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $27,437
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $23,112
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,608
  5. Balloon valvuloplasty
    ≈ $21,457
  6. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV)
    ≈ $11,376
  7. Open commissurotomy
    ≈ $12,441
  8. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $7,841
  9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $25,360
photo
Tijuana, Mexico
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Orthopedic surgery
At Hospital Excel, your health and safety are our main priority, so we have additional security measures to keep you and your family, as well read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Mechanical valve replacement
    ≈ $43,761
  2. Bio-prosthetic valve replacement
    ≈ $34,702
  3. Double valve replacement
    ≈ $27,946
  4. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $23,231
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $31,020
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $33,443
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $32,451
  8. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $40,905
  9. Fontan procedure
    ≈ $23,055
photo
Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
KPJ Damansara's team of specialists, nurses, and allied health professionals practise holistic approaches in your general well-being throughout your stay and beyond. The facilities are read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — Clinical Hospital Lapino in Moscow, Russia and 5 more, clinic with the most reviews number of 35757 — Aster CMI hospital in Bengaluru, India.

With rating 4.0 and over — 205 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Mitral valve stenosis:

Related procedures:

Mitral valve stenosis - what are hemodynamic disturbances there?

Hemodynamic disturbances in mitral stenosis

Mitral stenosis (MS) is a narrowing of the space between the left ventricle and the atrium. This is a fairly common heart disease, which can be either acquired or congenital. In this article, we tried to describe in detail the features of hemodynamics in this pathology, and also briefly touched on general information about this disease. To better understand the material, it is necessary to recall the structural features of the heart, circulatory circles and understand what the term "hemodynamics" means.

What do we understand by the term "hemodynamics"?

Hemodynamics is a branch of circulatory physiology that deals with the study of blood flow. It focuses on how the heart pumps blood throughout the body. Blood circulation is a vital process. It is needed in order to deliver oxygen and other molecules and substances to and from tissues. Hemodynamic disturbances can cause serious health problems.

How is normal blood flow formed?

Key elements of the hemodynamic system include:

  • heart rate (HR);
  • stroke volume (volume of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction);
  • cardiac output (heart rate multiplied by stroke volume);
  • systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure.

The average stroke volume for an adult is 75 ml, with which a heart beating 70 times per minute will have a cardiac output approximately equal to the total volume of blood in the body.

Thus, cardiac output is a measure of how efficiently the heart can move blood throughout the body.

The blood flow is related to the resistance provided by the blood vessels. To successfully pump blood around the body, the heart must overcome it. Cardiac output multiplied by systemic vascular resistance equals arterial pressure.

When cardiac output is impaired (for example, due to the pathology discussed in this article), it is difficult for the body to cope with its daily needs, since the amount of oxygen supplied to the tissues and organs of the body is reduced.

How does the heart pump blood around the body and what does it normally consist of?

The normal human heart consists of four chambers: two ventricles and two atria. The right side of the heart is separated from the left and is less massive. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries, while the left ventricle sends blood through the aorta to smaller vessels, and from them to the organs and tissues of the whole organism.

The heart has four valves:

  1. mitral (it is also called bicuspid);
  2. tricuspid (tricuspid);
  3. aortic;
  4. pulmonary.

What are heart valves for?

The valves of the heart prevent backflow of blood. They open and close depending on the contractions of the chambers of the heart.

Some general information about mitral stenosis

The basics of the origin of MS and its pathophysiology (development) are very important in the context of the analysis of hemodynamics in this pathology. The bicuspid valve and chambers of the heart have a functional reserve that is depleted as the disease progresses.

Rheumatic fever is the leading cause of mitral stenosis.

Other less common causes of mitral stenosis include:

  • congenital stenosis of the mitral valve;
  • triatriatum (cor triatriatum, three-atrial heart);
  • calcification (calcium impregnation of the mitral ring with spread to the leaflets);
  • systemic lupus erythematosus;
  • rheumatoid arthritis;
  • left atrial myxoma and infective endocarditis with large vegetations.

MS occurs in about 40% of all patients with rheumatic heart disease and a history of rheumatic fever (in the past). With a decrease in the incidence of acute rheumatic fever, especially in countries with a temperate climate and in developed countries, mitral stenosis has also become less common. Nevertheless, these diseases remain a serious problem in developing countries, mainly in countries with tropical and semi-tropical climates.

In rheumatic MS, chronic inflammation leads to diffuse thickening of the valve leaflets with the formation of fibrous tissue and/or calcific deposits. The tendon chords merge and shorten, the valve leaflets become rigid (hard, unyielding). These changes, in turn, lead to narrowing of the valve.

Calcification (impregnation with calcium) of the stenotic mitral valve contributes to the immobilization of the leaflets and further narrowing of the atrioventricular orifice.

Although the initial mitral valve disease is often rheumatic, later changes may be exacerbated by a non-specific process resulting from valve injury due to changes in the blood flow pattern.

Normal hemodynamics of the left side of the heart

Blood enters the left atrium (LA) from the pulmonary veins and then, through the open mitral valve located in the atrioventricular orifice, enters the left ventricle, and from it into the aorta and other vessels of the systemic circulation (the latter ends in the right atrium).

Aspects of hemodynamics in mitral stenosis

In healthy adults, the area of the mitral valve opening is 4–6 cm². In the presence of significant obstruction, that is, when it decreases to 2 cm², blood can flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle only due to an abnormally increased pressure gradient. When the mitral valve opening is reduced to less than 1.5 cm² (called severe MS), a left atrial pressure of about 25 mmHg is required to maintain normal cardiac output.

However, as noted earlier, along with the progression of the disease, the functional reserve of the valve and the heart itself decreases. The left atrium begins to increase due to the increase in muscle mass and stretching. If it cannot cope with the load, there is stagnation of blood in the pulmonary veins and an increase in pressure in them.

This leads to respiratory failure and shortness of breath. The latter increases the speed of blood flow through the mitral opening, which leads to a further increase in the load on the left atrium.

Over time, if left untreated, MS can lead to the addition of pulmonary hypertension.

The mechanisms of formation of pulmonary hypertension are:

  1. reverse blood flow from an overloaded left ventricle;
  2. reflex narrowing of the pulmonary arterioles (the so-called second stenosis), which is presumably provoked by blood stasis in the LA and pulmonary veins (Kitaev's reflex);
  3. edema in the walls of small pulmonary vessels;
  4. changes in the pulmonary vascular bed in the terminal stage.

Also, with pulmonary hypertension, fibrous thickening of the walls of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries is usually observed. Lung volumes, such as vital capacity, total lung capacity, etc., decrease. The elasticity of the lungs decreases further as the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries increases during exercise.

Severe pulmonary hypertension leads to right ventricular enlargement, secondary tricuspid regurgitation, respiratory failure, and right-sided heart failure. Thus, with mitral valve stenosis, other heart defects can be added.

In patients with severe MS (the mitral valve opening in this case is about 1-1.5 cm²), cardiac output at rest is normal or almost normal, but the patient's body is deficient in oxygen and nutrients during exercise.

In patients with very severe MS (when the valve area is less than 1 cm²), especially in patients with markedly increased pulmonary vascular resistance, the heart cannot pump. Left atrial pressure rises at rest and further increases during exercise, which often causes a secondary increase in end-diastolic pressure (pressure in the chambers of the heart during relaxation) and an increase in right ventricular volume.

The following factors influence hemodynamic parameters in mitral stenosis:

  • adequate therapy of pathology;
  • functional features of the left ventricle and atrium;
  • the presence of diseases of the lungs and pulmonary vasculature, as well as other heart defects;
  • the patient's adherence to treatment;
  • age of the patient and his other features.

Hemodynamic disturbances in MS and increased risk of thrombosis

A pathologically altered, calcium-soaked mitral valve can contribute to the formation of blood clots - blood clots. However, in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), thrombus formation more often arises from the dilated left atrium, especially from its appendage. However, the formation of blood clots and their separation (systemic embolization) may occur in asymptomatic patients with only mild mitral stenosis.

Summary

Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the space between the left ventricle and the atrium. Hemodynamics in this pathology is determined by the complex anatomical and pathophysiological features of the valvular apparatus. The functional originality of the left ventricle and atrium, as well as the patient's pulmonary vasculature, also has a great influence on the hemodynamic significance and clinical manifestations of narrowing of the left atrioventricular orifice.

References:

  1. Bailey, Regina. "What Is Hemodynamics?" ThoughtCo, Sep. 22, 2021.
  2. Abbo KM, Carroll JD. Hemodynamics of mitral stenosis: a review. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1994;Suppl 2:16-25.
  3. Harrison`s Principles of Internal Medicine 19/E (Vol.1). Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauseret all. McGraw-HillEducation 2015 ISBN: 0071802134 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780071802130.
  4. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2021 Feb 2;143(5):e228] [published correction appears in Circulation. 2021 Mar 9;143(10):e784]. Circulation. 2021;143(5):e35-e71. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000932.
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