Ventricular septal defect (VSD) treatment in 703 Cardiac surgery clinics worldwide

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703 clinics specializing in Cardiac surgery providing treatment of Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect where there is a hole in the wall (septum) separating the heart's lower chambers (ventricles). It can lead to abnormal blood flow and heart strain, requiring medical monitoring and, in some cases, surgical repair in early childhood.
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disease worldwide.

Africa · 6
Americas · 171
Asia · 242
Europe · 254
Oceania · 30
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Africa · 6 Americas · 171 Asia · 242 Europe · 254 Oceania · 30
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Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $18,186
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $12,942
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $10,211
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $35,107
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $43,734
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $33,045
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $40,713
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $29,407
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $49,753
photo
Paris, France
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Located in the heart of Neuilly-sur-Seine, this medical-surgical inpatient facility brings together a very wide range of skills, enabling us to offer patients comprehensive multidisciplinary read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $8,038
  2. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  3. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
  4. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $28,451
  5. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $21,790
  6. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $38,354
  7. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,865
  8. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $10,474
  9. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $8,638
photo
Lisbon, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Russian
The Hospital da Luz Lisboa materializes the paradigm of health care delivery of Luz Saúde. We are committed to a fast and effective diagnosis, through read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,179
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $8,038
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,523
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,774
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $28,451
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $21,790
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $38,354
photo
Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Russian
The Hospital da Luz Arrábida, located in Vila Nova de Gaia, is a topnotch hospital unit. With capacity to serve Porto and the northern region read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,179
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $8,038
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,523
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,774
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $28,451
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $21,790
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $38,354
photo
Coimbra, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Russian
Hospital da Luz Coimbra is the largest private hospital in this region and a reference in the provision of integrated and specialized healthcare. Formerly Idealmed read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,179
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $8,038
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,523
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,774
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $28,451
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $21,790
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $38,354
photo
Guimarães, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Russian
The Hospital da Luz Guimarães, located near the city center, is a growing hospital unit. With capacity to serve Guimarães and the northern region of read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,179
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $8,038
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,523
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,774
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $28,451
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $21,790
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $38,354
photo
Oeiras, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Russian
The Hospital da Luz Oeiras, located next to the Poets Park, offers a complete set of health care. With capacity to serve the population of read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $7,123
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $14,393
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,179
  4. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $8,413
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,523
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,774
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $28,451
photo
Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Russian
The Hospital da Luz Póvoa de Varzim, located near the center of the city, offers a full range of medical services to its patients. With read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $7,123
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $14,393
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,179
  4. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $8,413
  5. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,774
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $28,451
  9. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $21,790
photo
Porto, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French, Spanish; Castilian
Opened in 2010, Hospital CUF Porto is the largest private hospital in the North of the country and was the first private unit in the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $7,123
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $14,393
  3. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $8,038
  4. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $8,413
  5. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,523
  6. Fontan procedure
    ≈ $15,332
  7. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $8,637
  8. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    ≈ $16,453
  9. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,865
photo
Lisbon, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French, Spanish; Castilian, Portuguese
Hospital CUF Descobertas started its path in 2001, configuring private healthcare in Portugal, with a highly differentiated innovative unit, with all the medical services read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $7,123
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $14,393
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,179
  4. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $8,413
  5. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,774
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $28,451
  9. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $21,790
photo
Lisbon, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French, Spanish; Castilian
Designed to prevent, diagnose and treat the diseases of the future, Hospital CUF Tejo materializes the vision of a medicine centered on the creation of read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $7,123
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $14,393
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,179
  4. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $8,038
  5. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $8,413
  6. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,523
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,774
  8. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  9. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
photo
Faro, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish; Castilian
Built from scratch and inaugurated in 2009, the Hospital Particular de Gambelas is a national reference in terms of user satisfaction and the offer of read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $7,123
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $14,393
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,179
  4. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $8,038
  5. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $8,413
  6. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,523
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,774
  8. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $26,892
  9. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,862
photo
Funchal, Portugal
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English
Situated in a privileged location in the Island of Madeira, the Hospital Particular da Madeira is located in S. Martinho, Amparo, and is read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $19,838
  2. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $9,398
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $27,477
  4. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $30,704
  5. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $29,400
  6. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $38,669
  7. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $26,034
  8. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $25,731
  9. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $22,121
photo
Benidorm, Spain
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Dutch, English, French, German, Norwegian, Russian
HCB started out in the hands of the Paz Figueroa family at the time of Benidorm's tourism boom and services the areas first tourists. The read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $41,878
  2. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $35,879
  3. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $40,865
  4. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $36,571
  5. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $40,613
  6. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $33,837
  7. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $75,405
  8. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $41,346
  9. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    ≈ $30,940
photo
Melbourne, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH) began in 1848 as Victoria’s first public hospital. And while we only had 10 beds to our name, we had read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $19,490
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $12,306
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $58,419
  4. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $32,467
  5. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $56,332
  6. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $20,528
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $45,885
  8. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $74,025
  9. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $55,716
photo
Freiburg, Germany
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, Russian
Our Medical Center has a long and rich history. Some of the most famous doctors in the world have worked here, four of which were read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $24,219
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $16,478
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $37,965
  4. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $46,259
  5. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $35,665
  6. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $49,400
  7. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $36,263
  8. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $62,716
  9. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $28,725
photo
Hamilton, New Zealand
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Waikato District Health Board (DHB) is one of 20 district health boards in New Zealand. District health boards are responsible for providing or funding read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $11,677
  2. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,340
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $23,293
  4. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $25,354
  5. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $18,584
  6. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $31,830
  7. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $20,727
  8. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $36,585
  9. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $13,710
photo
Piraeus, Greece
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Metropolitan Hospital was founded in 2001 as a part of PERSEUS Healthcare Group SA and has quickly managed to establish itself in the private healthcare read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $16,478
  2. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $3,714
  3. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $19,226
  4. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $2,942
  5. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $14,762
  6. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in adults
    ≈ $10,785
  7. Rashkind procedure
    ≈ $13,476
  8. Coil embolization of intracardiac shunts and fistulas
    ≈ $4,437
  9. Left atrial appendage occlusion
    ≈ $14,746
photo
Christchurch, New Zealand
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Christchurch Hospital is the largest tertiary, teaching and research hospital in the South Island of New Zealand and provides a full range of emergency, acute, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $16,392
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $24,481
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $24,219
  4. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $16,478
  5. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $17,477
  6. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $37,965
  7. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $28,725
  8. Fontan procedure
    ≈ $31,252
  9. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $3,714
photo
Auckland, New Zealand
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, Burmese, Chinese, English, French, Hindi, Korean, Russian, Samoan, Vietnamese
Auckland DHB is the Government’s funder and provider of health services to the 494,000 residents living in the Auckland district. We are the fourth largest read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $24,219
  2. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $37,965
  3. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $46,259
  4. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $35,665
  5. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $49,400
  6. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $36,263
  7. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $62,716
  8. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery
    ≈ $28,725
  9. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $2,942
photo
Auckland, New Zealand
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Every day, across all three of our sites (Mercy Hospital in Epsom; Ascot Hospital in Remuera, and our Endoscopy clinics in Epsom and in Takapuna, read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — Clinical Hospital Lapino in Moscow, Russia and 5 more, clinic with the most reviews number of 35757 — Aster CMI hospital in Bengaluru, India.

With rating 4.0 and over — 253 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Ventricular septal defect (VSD):

Related procedures:

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – disease overview

Origin and mechanisms of development of a ventricular septal defect

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Its frequency is approximately 300 cases per 100,000 births. Also, VSD accounts for about a third of all congenital heart defects. Females and males get sick with the same frequency.

This disease was first described in 1879, and more than 100 years later, in 1988, the first percutaneous intervention was performed to close a defect in the interventricular septum.

Below we will analyze in detail the origin and mechanisms of development of the interventricular septal defect, and also touch on the treatment and diagnosis of this pathology in both children and adults.

Recall that the heart's main function is to pump blood throughout the body. This organ has two phases of its activity: contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).

The human heart consists of four cavities (two ventricles and two atria) and has four valves that prevent blood from flowing back. The latter is normally sent from the atria to the ventricles, and from them to the vessels (to the aorta from the left cavity, and to the pulmonary arteries from the right). The right ventricle (RV) is separated from the left ventricle (LV) by a septum, which consists of a muscular and membranous portion.

The pathogenesis of ventricular septal defect and its complications is inextricably linked with hemodynamics (direction of blood flow). The LV has a massive muscle mass and creates pressure several times higher than that in other chambers of the heart, therefore, when an opening in the interventricular septum is formed, blood is directed from left to right.

Causes of the disease and risk factors for ventricular septal defect

The exact cause of the ventricular septal defect is currently unknown, but congenital heart defects appear to be inherited and sometimes co-occur with other genetic diseases and chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome.

Certain conditions that the mother already has or that occur during pregnancy can also increase the risk of the disease and cause VS defects. These include:

  1. Infection with rubella during the first few months of pregnancy.
  2. Use of drugs, tobacco, alcohol or exposure to other toxic substances.
  3. Diabetes mellitus (including those arising during pregnancy).
  4. Systemic lupus erythematosus.
  5. Overweight (body mass index over 25).
  6. Radiation exposure (diagnostic procedures such as radiography are not included in this item).
  7. Phenylketonuria.

VSD classification

This pathology is classified depending on the location of the pathological opening. So, the following types of ventricular septal defect are distinguished:

  1. Perimembranous (occurs in about 80% of cases) - the hole is located in the membranous part of the cardiac septum.
  2. Muscular (15–20%) - located in the muscular part of the septum and does not border on the fibrous rings.
  3. Subpulmonary outflow tract defect (about 5%) - borders on both fibrous rings of arterial valves.
  4. Defect of the bringing tract - contacts from above with the ring of the tricuspid (tricuspid) valve and is located behind the membranous septum.

Also, there is a large and small congenital malformation of the IVS. The size of the first is larger than the diameter of the aorta, the size of the second is smaller than the aortic lumen.

Is VSD a pathology in adults or children?

VSD is most commonly diagnosed and treated in children. However, the disease also occurs in adults and can be in the form of:

  1. A defect closed in childhood or a small unoperated defect resulting from a minor left-right shunt. Most often, a patient with such a defect does not have VSD symptoms, and due to the absence of left ventricular overload, surgery is usually not required.
  2. A defect that led to left ventricular overload and pulmonary hypertension. A consequence of the latter is a disease of the pulmonary vessels (Eisenmenger's syndrome).

Disease manifestations

A small VSD usually does not cause symptoms. For a more serious defect, signs of the disease include:

  • shortness of breath on exertion;
  • decreased exercise tolerance;
  • heartbeat.

In a newborn, as in an adult, symptoms may be absent with a small defect. There may be a murmur over the heart in more severe pathology. A significant defect is manifested by heart failure in a child aged 4–6 years. Symptoms in young children may include:

  • difficulties with feeding, poor weight gain, mental and physical retardation;
  • shortness of breath, rapid breathing and palpitations;
  • enlarged liver (hepatomegaly);
  • recurrent respiratory tract infections.

Why is this pathology dangerous?

Like other defects of the cardiovascular system, VSD without treatment (much less often if present) can pose a threat to the patient's life. The disease can have the following complications:

  • pulmonary hypertension;
  • Eisenmenger's syndrome;
  • infection of the inner layer of the heart (endocarditis);
  • left ventricular heart failure;
  • subvalvular aortic stenosis and other acquired heart defects.

Diagnosis of the disease

The doctor may suspect the presence of the disease immediately after childbirth or even during pregnancy (depending on the severity of the pathology). If there are complaints, the doctor collects all the necessary information and conducts an examination.

On auscultation (listening to murmurs), the doctor may find:

  1. Diastolic murmur, best of all audible in the III-IV left intercostal space at the sternum (characteristic symptom).
  2. Systolic tremor in the IV left intercostal space at the sternum, bifurcation of the II tone above the pulmonary artery.

The following instrumental diagnostic methods can be used:

  1. ECG. On the record, the doctor can detect signs of hypertrophy (enlargement) of the left atrium and ventricle, sometimes an incomplete block of the right bundle branch (block of one of the branches of the heart network, through which an excitation pulse passes, leading to a heart contraction).
  2. Plain X-ray of the chest organs. An increase in the vascular pattern of the lungs and an expansion of the heart contour can be detected.
  3. Echocardiography. It is the main method of visualization of pathology, which makes it possible to assess the location and size of the defect, its complications and accompanying anomalies. Also, the study reveals the relationship between pulmonary and systemic blood flow (usually this ratio is denoted by Qp: Qs).
  4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are used when echocardiography has not revealed pathology.
  5. Cardiac catheterization. Performed for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension and before treatment with the invasive VSD method.

Treatment: therapy in adult patients

Surgical treatment is usually not required for a small defect that is not accompanied by left ventricular overload, that is, in the case of an asymptomatic patient.

Surgery, regardless of symptoms, is performed in case of heart overload. The possibility of surgical treatment is also being considered in the following cases:

  • recurring episodes of endocarditis and a significant amount of blood leakage from the left ventricle;
  • progressive insufficiency of the aortic valve;
  • an increase in pulmonary pressure, at which there is a significant blood flow from left to right (Qp: Qs more than 1.5).

Treatment: therapy of VS defect in children

Isolated VSD in a newborn usually does not require treatment due to the possibility of spontaneous closure (especially if the defect is small and isolated). Therefore, only observation is often carried out.

In young children, the following surgical methods of treatment are used:

  • surgical closure of the defect;
  • percutaneous placement of an implant covering the defect;
  • pulmonary artery ligation - performed only as a palliative treatment when surgery is not possible.

Risks of surgical treatment

Treatment of this condition is usually successful and carries a very low risk of death. Most children will not experience major complications after surgery. There is a small chance that the patient may need re-intervention.
The surgery has a small risk of bleeding, blood clots inside the heart, and infection.

Disease prognosis

The disease in most cases is treatable or, as noted earlier, goes away with age. An unfavorable prognosis is observed only in persistent pulmonary hypertension in patients after defect closure.

Summary

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. A small VSD usually does not cause symptoms. For more serious malformation in adults, symptoms include exertional dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, and increased heart rate.

Surgical treatment is usually not required for a small defect that is not accompanied by left ventricular overload, that is, in the case of an asymptomatic patient. In other cases, the anomaly needs to be closed. In this case, both open and percutaneous low-traumatic methods can be used, which have minimal risks.

References:

  1. Harrison`s Principles of Internal Medicine 19/E (Vol.1). Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauseret all. McGraw-HillEducation 2015 ISBN: 0071802134 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780071802130.
  2. Interna szczeklika - duży podręcznik. Medycyna praktyczna. 2021. ISBN 9788374306522.
  3. Internal diseases in 2 volumes: textbook / Ed. ON THE. Mukhina, V.S. Moiseeva, A.I. Martynova - 2010 .-- 1264 p.
  4. Shlyakhto, EV Cardiology: national leadership / ed. E. V. Shlyakhto - 2nd ed. , revised and add. - Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2019 .-- 800 p. (Series: National Guide) - ISBN 978-5-9704-4810-6.

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