Ventricular septal defect (VSD) treatment in 703 Cardiac surgery clinics worldwide

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703 clinics specializing in Cardiac surgery providing treatment of Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect where there is a hole in the wall (septum) separating the heart's lower chambers (ventricles). It can lead to abnormal blood flow and heart strain, requiring medical monitoring and, in some cases, surgical repair in early childhood.
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disease worldwide.

Africa · 6
Americas · 171
Asia · 242
Europe · 254
Oceania · 30
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Africa · 6 Americas · 171 Asia · 242 Europe · 254 Oceania · 30
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Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $11,705
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $17,748
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $22,228
  4. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $13,633
  5. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $24,546
  6. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $11,089
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $20,725
  8. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $26,983
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $32,230
photo
Bangkok, Thailand
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Amharic, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, English, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Russian, Vietnamese
Vejthani Hospital, established in 1994, is one of the leading private international hospitals in Thailand that provides JCI accredited quaternary health care services. Cutting-edge medical read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $10,840
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $17,535
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $26,993
  4. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $16,936
  5. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $31,155
  6. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $12,480
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $16,950
  8. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $38,084
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $20,690
photo
Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Arabic, English
Patient satisfaction is of paramount importance to us at RAK Hospital. Since our inception in 2007, we have strived to provide effective treatments and every read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $22,316
  2. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $18,768
  3. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $39,190
  4. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $35,744
  5. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $39,856
  6. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $32,624
  7. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $73,160
  8. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $15,426
  9. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    ≈ $29,928
photo
Bendigo, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Bendigo Health is a leading regional health service, with around 4000 staff and a catchment area covering a quarter of the size of Victoria. The read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $6,340
  2. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,485
  3. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $5,259
  4. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $2,824
  5. Rashkind procedure
    ≈ $4,936
  6. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with angioplasty
    ≈ $3,729
  7. Fractional flow reserve (FFR)
    ≈ $610
  8. Rotational atherectomy
    ≈ $856
  9. Left atrial appendage occlusion
    ≈ $6,109
photo
Budapest, Hungary
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Uzsoki Utcai Hospital operates at 3 sites with 17 healing and 4 diagnostic departments and numerous departments: ophthalmology, surgery, gynecology-obstetrics, otolaryngology, orthopedics-traumatology, urology, neurology, read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $40,450
  2. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $34,364
  3. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $39,904
  4. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $39,190
  5. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $35,744
  6. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $39,856
  7. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $32,624
  8. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $73,160
  9. Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB)
    ≈ $17,828
photo
Camperdown, Australia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Portuguese, Russian, Turkish
Royal Prince Alfred Hospital is one of Australia's premier tertiary referral hospitals and is recognised as a worldwide leader in healthcare excellence and innovation. RPA read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $10,938
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $6,959
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $6,359
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $11,900
  5. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $12,639
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $11,700
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $15,788
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $25,790
  9. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $19,420
photo
Bogota, Colombia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
We are a new model of comprehensive health care, backed by a differential human team that works together with the best quality and comfort standards read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $27,355
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $19,285
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $15,155
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $39,118
  5. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $51,210
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $42,070
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $49,710
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $39,415
  9. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $33,834
photo
Winnipeg, Canada
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Oncology
St. Boniface Hospital has been providing leadership in health care on behalf of Manitobans since it was first established by the Grey Nuns in 1871.The read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $2,650
  2. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $874
  3. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $2,576
  4. Left atrial appendage occlusion
    ≈ $5,780
  5. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,066
  6. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in adults
    ≈ $1,514
  7. Coil embolization of intracardiac shunts and fistulas
    ≈ $2,169
  8. Balloon angioplasty and stenting of aorta coarctation
    ≈ $3,199
  9. Rashkind procedure
    ≈ $2,530
photo
Moscow, Russia
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Spine surgery, Oncology
City Clinical Hospital named after S.I. Spasokukotsky is one of the largest multidisciplinary medical institutions in Moscow. Annually more than 50,000 patients from all over read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $6,662
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $12,500
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $15,643
  4. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $15,144
  5. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $14,000
  6. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $15,034
  7. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $17,300
  8. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $8,000
  9. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $8,000
photo
Istanbul, Turkey
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: Albanian, Arabic, Bulgarian, English, French, Georgian, Romanian, Russian
The 21-storey hospital with 62.500 sqm of closed area has a smart building system that instantly responds to any problem inside the building. It also read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $17,384
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $12,362
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $9,617
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $33,028
  5. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $21,911
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $41,451
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $31,521
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $35,474
  9. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $27,347
photo
Paris, France
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French
Located south of Paris (14th arrondissement), right behind the Montsouris Park, the Institut Mutualiste Montsouris (IMM) is a multidisciplinary hospital well known for its medical read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $6,885
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $4,869
  3. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,216
  4. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $6,750
  5. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $4,845
  6. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $10,125
  7. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $13,867
  8. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $7,383
  9. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $9,290
photo
Mumbai, India
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
The Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre is one of the oldest tertiary care, multi-specialty Trust hospitals in the country. In the late 60s, when the read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $19,754
  2. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $125,000
  3. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $79,426
  4. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $90,550
  5. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $89,173
  6. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $137,000
  7. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $35,000
  8. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $88,000
  9. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $39,011
photo
Mayfield Heights, United States
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Hillcrest Hospital opened on November 23, 1968, in Mayfield to meet the healthcare needs of rapidly growing east side communities. There were 237 beds and read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $6,340
  2. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $1,485
  3. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $5,259
  4. Balloon angioplasty and stenting of aorta coarctation
    ≈ $5,869
  5. Rashkind procedure
    ≈ $4,936
  6. Pulmonary artery thromboendarterectomy
    ≈ $6,609
  7. Left atrial appendage occlusion
    ≈ $6,109
  8. Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in adults
    ≈ $5,441
  9. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) procedure
    ≈ $1,709
photo
Győr, Hungary
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Petz Aladár County University Hospital in Gyor is one of the largest in Hungary, and it is our designated hospital for specialty care. It read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Pulmonary artery banding (PAB)
    ≈ $4,306
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in children
    ≈ $6,189
  3. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $1,938
  4. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $825
  5. Nikaidoh procedure
    ≈ $4,898
  6. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,140
  7. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $2,474
  8. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $7,639
  9. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $13,708
photo
Hanoi, Vietnam
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Languages: English, French, Japanese, Korean
Vinmec Times City International Hospital is the first hospital in the Vinmec Health System chain to be put into operation. Located in the most modern read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $29,817
  2. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $20,075
  3. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $18,620
  4. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    ≈ $61,149
  5. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $6,418
  6. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $20,764
  7. Coronary catheterization
    $1,262
  8. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $24,420
  9. Catheter cardiac ablation
    ≈ $18,963
photo
Helsinki, Finland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
Languages: English, Russian
Helsinki Heart Hospital performs basic heart examinations and outpatient procedures, such as cardiac angiography, angioplasty and defibrillation. In Helsinki there is also a clinic offering read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $6,885
  2. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $4,216
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $6,750
  4. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $4,845
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $10,125
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $13,867
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $7,383
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $9,290
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $23,271
photo
Indore, India
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Our multi-super specialty hospital in Indore brings the highest quality of medical services to central India. The 175-bed facility is an extension of the flagship read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $29,817
  2. Dual chamber pacemaker insertion
    ≈ $20,075
  3. Permanent pacemaker implantation
    ≈ $18,620
  4. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
    ≈ $61,149
  5. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $6,418
  6. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $20,764
  7. Coronary catheterization
    $1,395
  8. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $24,420
  9. Catheter cardiac ablation
    ≈ $18,963
photo
Jyväskylä, Finland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery
Our services include outpatient clinic, cardiac monitoring (G2), cardiac procedure department (H2) and cardiac procedure rooms, and cardiac department (C6). Nova Heart Hospital operates in read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $9,437
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $4,864
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $7,950
  4. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $9,140
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $8,035
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $8,494
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $8,710
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $7,744
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $16,398
photo
São Paulo, Brazil
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
A new hospital, but with history Rede Americas, a reference in hospital care group in Brazil, launches another excellent hospital in São Paulo, Samaritano Paulista read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $3,361
  2. Cardiac catheterization
    ≈ $807
  3. Percutaneous ASD closure
    ≈ $3,068
  4. Coronary catheterization
    ≈ $685
  5. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent insertion
    ≈ $3,111
  6. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with angioplasty
    ≈ $2,187
  7. Fractional flow reserve (FFR)
    ≈ $451
  8. Rotational atherectomy
    ≈ $800
  9. Left atrial appendage occlusion
    ≈ $3,666
photo
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Here, patients receive genuine care and comfort from experienced staff in pleasant, comfortable surroundings. You can relax, knowing that you are being looked after by read more
Prices for popular procedures:
  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair
    ≈ $56,754
  2. Percutaneous closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    ≈ $35,399
  3. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
    ≈ $72,276
  4. Off-pump coronary artery bypass
    ≈ $66,185
  5. Heart valve replacement
    ≈ $86,526
  6. Heart valve repair
    ≈ $76,952
  7. Aortic valve replacement (AVR)
    ≈ $86,010
  8. Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
    ≈ $71,816
  9. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
    ≈ $124,959
photo
Basel, Switzerland
Specializations: Cardiac surgery, Vascular surgery, Thoracic surgery, Neurosurgery, Spine surgery, Orthopedic surgery, Oncology
Here at the University Hospital Basel you can expect a wide range of world-class medical services. Every year, patients from Switzerland and beyond benefit from read more

Clinics grouping by rating

Clinic with the highest rating of 5 — Clinical Hospital Lapino in Moscow, Russia and 5 more, clinic with the most reviews number of 35612 — Aster CMI hospital in Bengaluru, India.

With rating 4.0 and over — 256 clinics .

Countries with the highest number of clinics treating the diseases:

Ventricular septal defect (VSD):

Related procedures:

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – disease overview

Origin and mechanisms of development of a ventricular septal defect

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Its frequency is approximately 300 cases per 100,000 births. Also, VSD accounts for about a third of all congenital heart defects. Females and males get sick with the same frequency.

This disease was first described in 1879, and more than 100 years later, in 1988, the first percutaneous intervention was performed to close a defect in the interventricular septum.

Below we will analyze in detail the origin and mechanisms of development of the interventricular septal defect, and also touch on the treatment and diagnosis of this pathology in both children and adults.

Recall that the heart's main function is to pump blood throughout the body. This organ has two phases of its activity: contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).

The human heart consists of four cavities (two ventricles and two atria) and has four valves that prevent blood from flowing back. The latter is normally sent from the atria to the ventricles, and from them to the vessels (to the aorta from the left cavity, and to the pulmonary arteries from the right). The right ventricle (RV) is separated from the left ventricle (LV) by a septum, which consists of a muscular and membranous portion.

The pathogenesis of ventricular septal defect and its complications is inextricably linked with hemodynamics (direction of blood flow). The LV has a massive muscle mass and creates pressure several times higher than that in other chambers of the heart, therefore, when an opening in the interventricular septum is formed, blood is directed from left to right.

Causes of the disease and risk factors for ventricular septal defect

The exact cause of the ventricular septal defect is currently unknown, but congenital heart defects appear to be inherited and sometimes co-occur with other genetic diseases and chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome.

Certain conditions that the mother already has or that occur during pregnancy can also increase the risk of the disease and cause VS defects. These include:

  1. Infection with rubella during the first few months of pregnancy.
  2. Use of drugs, tobacco, alcohol or exposure to other toxic substances.
  3. Diabetes mellitus (including those arising during pregnancy).
  4. Systemic lupus erythematosus.
  5. Overweight (body mass index over 25).
  6. Radiation exposure (diagnostic procedures such as radiography are not included in this item).
  7. Phenylketonuria.

VSD classification

This pathology is classified depending on the location of the pathological opening. So, the following types of ventricular septal defect are distinguished:

  1. Perimembranous (occurs in about 80% of cases) - the hole is located in the membranous part of the cardiac septum.
  2. Muscular (15–20%) - located in the muscular part of the septum and does not border on the fibrous rings.
  3. Subpulmonary outflow tract defect (about 5%) - borders on both fibrous rings of arterial valves.
  4. Defect of the bringing tract - contacts from above with the ring of the tricuspid (tricuspid) valve and is located behind the membranous septum.

Also, there is a large and small congenital malformation of the IVS. The size of the first is larger than the diameter of the aorta, the size of the second is smaller than the aortic lumen.

Is VSD a pathology in adults or children?

VSD is most commonly diagnosed and treated in children. However, the disease also occurs in adults and can be in the form of:

  1. A defect closed in childhood or a small unoperated defect resulting from a minor left-right shunt. Most often, a patient with such a defect does not have VSD symptoms, and due to the absence of left ventricular overload, surgery is usually not required.
  2. A defect that led to left ventricular overload and pulmonary hypertension. A consequence of the latter is a disease of the pulmonary vessels (Eisenmenger's syndrome).

Disease manifestations

A small VSD usually does not cause symptoms. For a more serious defect, signs of the disease include:

  • shortness of breath on exertion;
  • decreased exercise tolerance;
  • heartbeat.

In a newborn, as in an adult, symptoms may be absent with a small defect. There may be a murmur over the heart in more severe pathology. A significant defect is manifested by heart failure in a child aged 4–6 years. Symptoms in young children may include:

  • difficulties with feeding, poor weight gain, mental and physical retardation;
  • shortness of breath, rapid breathing and palpitations;
  • enlarged liver (hepatomegaly);
  • recurrent respiratory tract infections.

Why is this pathology dangerous?

Like other defects of the cardiovascular system, VSD without treatment (much less often if present) can pose a threat to the patient's life. The disease can have the following complications:

  • pulmonary hypertension;
  • Eisenmenger's syndrome;
  • infection of the inner layer of the heart (endocarditis);
  • left ventricular heart failure;
  • subvalvular aortic stenosis and other acquired heart defects.

Diagnosis of the disease

The doctor may suspect the presence of the disease immediately after childbirth or even during pregnancy (depending on the severity of the pathology). If there are complaints, the doctor collects all the necessary information and conducts an examination.

On auscultation (listening to murmurs), the doctor may find:

  1. Diastolic murmur, best of all audible in the III-IV left intercostal space at the sternum (characteristic symptom).
  2. Systolic tremor in the IV left intercostal space at the sternum, bifurcation of the II tone above the pulmonary artery.

The following instrumental diagnostic methods can be used:

  1. ECG. On the record, the doctor can detect signs of hypertrophy (enlargement) of the left atrium and ventricle, sometimes an incomplete block of the right bundle branch (block of one of the branches of the heart network, through which an excitation pulse passes, leading to a heart contraction).
  2. Plain X-ray of the chest organs. An increase in the vascular pattern of the lungs and an expansion of the heart contour can be detected.
  3. Echocardiography. It is the main method of visualization of pathology, which makes it possible to assess the location and size of the defect, its complications and accompanying anomalies. Also, the study reveals the relationship between pulmonary and systemic blood flow (usually this ratio is denoted by Qp: Qs).
  4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are used when echocardiography has not revealed pathology.
  5. Cardiac catheterization. Performed for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension and before treatment with the invasive VSD method.

Treatment: therapy in adult patients

Surgical treatment is usually not required for a small defect that is not accompanied by left ventricular overload, that is, in the case of an asymptomatic patient.

Surgery, regardless of symptoms, is performed in case of heart overload. The possibility of surgical treatment is also being considered in the following cases:

  • recurring episodes of endocarditis and a significant amount of blood leakage from the left ventricle;
  • progressive insufficiency of the aortic valve;
  • an increase in pulmonary pressure, at which there is a significant blood flow from left to right (Qp: Qs more than 1.5).

Treatment: therapy of VS defect in children

Isolated VSD in a newborn usually does not require treatment due to the possibility of spontaneous closure (especially if the defect is small and isolated). Therefore, only observation is often carried out.

In young children, the following surgical methods of treatment are used:

  • surgical closure of the defect;
  • percutaneous placement of an implant covering the defect;
  • pulmonary artery ligation - performed only as a palliative treatment when surgery is not possible.

Risks of surgical treatment

Treatment of this condition is usually successful and carries a very low risk of death. Most children will not experience major complications after surgery. There is a small chance that the patient may need re-intervention.
The surgery has a small risk of bleeding, blood clots inside the heart, and infection.

Disease prognosis

The disease in most cases is treatable or, as noted earlier, goes away with age. An unfavorable prognosis is observed only in persistent pulmonary hypertension in patients after defect closure.

Summary

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. A small VSD usually does not cause symptoms. For more serious malformation in adults, symptoms include exertional dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, and increased heart rate.

Surgical treatment is usually not required for a small defect that is not accompanied by left ventricular overload, that is, in the case of an asymptomatic patient. In other cases, the anomaly needs to be closed. In this case, both open and percutaneous low-traumatic methods can be used, which have minimal risks.

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